reasoning, confirmation bias

Delay Discounting

Diminished value of future gains over time.

Self Control

Executive function for behavior regulation.

PFC Development

Prefrontal cortex matures in early twenties.

Reasoning

Drawing conclusions from available information.

Problem Solving

Finding solutions to complex issues.

Deductive Reasoning

Conclusions drawn from general premises.

Syllogism

Logical system for deriving conclusions.

Modus Ponens

If p is true, then q is true.

Modus Tollens

If q is false, then p is false.

Denial of the Antecedent

Fallacy assuming p false implies q false.

Inductive Reasoning

Using past experiences to predict future cases.

Property Induction

Generalizing features from one exemplar to another.

Confirmation Bias

Favoring evidence that supports existing beliefs.

Beliefs

Assumptions about how the world operates.

Types of Reasoning

Includes deductive and inductive reasoning methods.

VELCRO Effect

Retaining supportive evidence strongly.

TEFLON Effect

Quickly discarding contradictory evidence.

Fighting Confirmation Bias

Strategies to challenge and question beliefs.

Pause Technique

Delay action to reflect on thoughts.

Fair Questions

Questions that are measurable and objective.

The Resistance Game

Group game involving spies and voting.

Social Pressure

Influence of group dynamics on reasoning.

Group Think

Consensus-seeking that hinders critical thinking.

Cognitive Bias

Systematic patterns of deviation in judgment.

Executive Function

Cognitive processes for planning and decision-making.

Temporal Discounting

Preference for immediate rewards over delayed ones.

Evidence Weighing

Evaluating support for or against beliefs.

Observable Evidence

Data that can be seen or measured.

Objective Evidence

Information free from personal bias.

Causal Reasoning

Understanding causes behind specific effects.

Illusory Correlations

Perceived relationships between unrelated variables.

Causal Learning

Learning cause-effect relationships from observations.

Counterfactual Reasoning

Considering alternative outcomes to actual events.

Probability

Likelihood of an event occurring based on conditions.

Bayesian Inference

Updating probability based on new evidence.

P(A|B)

Probability of A given B is true.

P(Ha|Ho)

Probability of data under null hypothesis.

Well-defined Problems

Problems with clear states and solutions.

Ill-defined Problems

Problems lacking clear goals and solutions.

Insight

Sudden realization of a solution.

Expert Problem Solving

Specialists solve domain-specific problems better.

Creative Thinking

Generating novel and useful ideas.

Divergent Thinking

Generating multiple ideas from a single prompt.

Functional Fixedness

Inability to see alternative uses for objects.

Remote Associations

Ideas distantly related to original problem.

Ultimatum Game

Game studying emotional social decision-making.

Causal Models

Networks showing cause-effect relationships.

Elastic Collisions

Collisions where kinetic energy is conserved.

Communication

Exchange of information impacting group dynamics.

Majority Vote

Decision-making based on the larger group's choice.

Causal Launching

Directionality in cause-effect relationships.

Doctor Problem

Scenario requiring creative medical problem-solving.

Information Games

Games differing in available knowledge for players.

Proposer

Suggests money division in social decisions.

Responder

Accepts or rejects the proposer's offer.

Illusionary Correlations

False connections between unrelated variables.

Routine Problems

Familiar problems with known solutions.

Nonroutine Problems

Unfamiliar problems without apparent solutions.

Pattern Recognition

Identifying similarities across different scenarios.

Experts

Specialists with deeper understanding in domains.

Novices

Less experienced individuals in problem solving.

Creativity

Generation of novel and useful ideas.

Problem Finding

Identifying unrecognized needs for solutions.

Problem Definition

Clarifying and managing a problem.

Posterior Probability

Probability after considering evidence.

Prior Probability

Probability based on prior knowledge.

Evidence Probability

Probability of observing evidence.

Resistance Game

Social game involving spies and voting.

Dots Problem

Connect dots with four straight lines.

Remote associates

Creative ideas distant from original problem formulation.

Remote associations test

Participants link three specific words creatively.

Hierarchies of associations

Structured relationships between ideas in our thinking.

Functional fixedness

Boxed thinking by predefined uses and associations.

Divergent thinking

Generating diverse associations from a starting point.

Conceptual Integration

Connecting ideas from multiple domains effectively.

Ultimatum game

Study of emotional social decision-making interactions.

Ambiguous information

Interpreted as support for personal beliefs.

Causal relationships

Directionality where causes precede effects.

Causal launching

Causation associated with directional responsibility.

Covariation

Likelihood of two events occurring together.

Temporal order

Arrangement of events over time.

Intervention

Observing consequences of one's own actions.

Illusory correlations

False connections between unrelated variables.

Counterfactual reasoning

Considering alternative outcomes to past events.

Bayesian inference

Probability estimation based on evidence and prior knowledge.

Well-defined problems

Clearly specified states and operators.

Ill-defined problems

Unclear goals and operators.

Nonroutine problems

Difficult problems lacking apparent solutions.

Problem finding

Identifying unrecognized needs and questions.

Problem definition

Developing manageable approaches to problems.