Human Systems

The Digestive System

The Digestive System

The organ system that takes in, breaks up, and digests food and excretes the waste

Lining of the Digestive Tract

Epithelial tissue (aids in filthration, absorbtion, and secretion) and smooth muscle tisue (contracts and relaxes subconciously)

Digestion

Breaking down food into smaller molecules (nutrients)

Absorbtion

Nutrients moving out of the digestive tract and into the bloodstream

Excretion

The leftover waste is removed from the body

Mouth

Where food is mechanically broken down by teeth and chemically broken down by saliva

Esophagus

Moves food to the stomach in wave-like motions called peristalsis

Stomach

Digestive acids and enzymes are produced by the lining; smooth muscles contract to churn contents

Small Intestine

Turns food into nutrients; villi diffuse nutrients into the bloodstream

Large Intestine

It removes water from the system and prepares waste for excretion

Liver

Processes and cleans blood from the stomach and intestines; produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores bile

Pancreas

Produces enzymes and hormones that aid in digrestion

Diabetes

When the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin

Celiac Disease

An immune response is triggered in response to gluten

Chron's Disease

Inflamation of the large intestine

Circulatory System

Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

Heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Blood Vessels

Tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide; makes up 45% of blood volume

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Fight off infections like bacteria and viruses; make up less than 1% of blood volume

Platelets

Work for clotting; make up less than 1% of blood volume

Plasma

Mostly water and protein rich; makes up over half of blood volume

Parts of the Heart

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Arteries

Carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

Veins

Carries blood back to the heart

Capillaries

Small blood vessels responsible for the diffusion of oxygen into organs and carbon dioxide out of organs

Stroke

When brain tissue dies because blood couldn't reach the area

Heart Attack

When blood flow to the heart is blocked and the heart muscles start to die

Left Side of the Heart

Where oxygenated blood flows through after the lungs and before other organs

Right Side of the Heart

Where deoxygenated blood flows through before going to the lungs

Musculoskeletal System

The system that supports the body, protects delicate organs, and makes movement possible

Bones

Hard and dense tissue that contain living cells, non living minerals, and collogen fibres; canals inside contain nerves and blood vessels

Ligaments

Made of collogen tissue; bind bones at the joints

Cartilage

Strong and flexible tissue; act as shock absorbers to protect bones and joints

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Muscles

Tissues or fibers that cause movement of body parts and organs

Skeletal Muscles

Muscles attached to bone that control movement

Smooth Muscles

The muscles lining most of the digestive system

Cardiac Muscles

Muscles found only in the walls of your heart

Muscles can ____ but not ____

Pull, push

Nervous System

Controls everything from involuntary muscle responses to responses such as reflexes and movement

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

All other nerves; controls involuntary response and relays info from the environment to the brain

Neurons

Conduct electrical signals from one area to another; insulated by myelin

Dendrites

Bring info to the neuron body

Axon

Take info away from the neuron body

Sensory Input

Taking in information through senses

Integration

The brain processing the information

Motor Output

Triggering a reaction

Sensory Receptors

Specialized cells that receive input from external environments

Reflexes

Actions that do not need involvement of the brain

Respiratory System

Provides oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide from the body

Trachea

Tube leading from the throat to the bronchi

Bronchi

Tubes that carry air into the lungs

Lungs

Expand and contract to draw in air

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of the bronchi

Alveoli

Tiny sacs at the end of bronchioles where blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide

Inhaling

The diaphragm contracts and allows air to flow into the lungs

Exhaling

Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, pushing air out

Pleura

Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung and separating them from the chest wall

Diffusion in the Lungs

Alveoli give the blood oxygen and carbon dioxide from blood returns to alveoli

Asthma

Bronchi are temporarily swollen and mucus restricts air flow

Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchi are permanently swollen and have too much mucus; person will cough often and be breathless

Pneumonia

Alveoli fill with fluid caused by bacteria or virus causing coughing, chest pain, fever, etc.

Influenza

Flu virus causing irritated respiratory system; causes chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and it can be fatal

Chemicals found in the Body from Vaping

Vitamin E, acetate, THC

Symptoms from Vaping

Pneumonia-like symptoms, fever, chills, GI symptoms (vomiting, diahrreah, etc.)