WH Midterm

Units 0 - 3

Feudal society structure

Monarch-lords-vassals-serfs; fiefs and protection given in exchange for service

Battle of Tours

Charles Martel of the Franks win against Umayyad Empire, starting Rome

Justinian's Code

Legal code of Rome; slavery, division of things, and theft

Papal Supremacy

Power not just religiously, but also politically by having power over monarchs with the ability to withhold the ability to receive sacraments through excommunication, condemning them to hell

Great Schism

The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Ferdinand and Isabella's influence on religion in Spain

Instituted the Inquisition to purify Spain of non-Christians, killing them in the Reconquista

Business practices developed after the Crusades

Capital: money for investment and joint investments

Credit: loans, debts

Guild & apprenticeship: control and protection, increased productivity, wages, employment

Different from feudalism in that it is profit, that was a social hierarchy and protection system

William the Conqueror

Invades England and established English monarchy

English Common Law

Uses former rulings as precedent for future cases

Due Process of Law

protection from arrest without proper legal procedures

Habeas Corpus

Protection against imprisonment without being charged for a crime

Estates General

"Power of the purse," citizens had final approval of money use in France

Black Death

a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe
social unrest, breakdown of Feudalism, church has 3 popes, two in France, one in Rome

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam
Angers polytheistic Arabs who chase him out of Mecca

Kaaba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

Quran

Sacred text of Islam, established Sharia law: life and rituals

5 Pillars of Islam Purpose

Basic identity of Muslims, their faith and practices

African kingdom common characteristics

Islamic, gold and salt trade, around Niger
Patrilineal/matrilineal, respect for elders, social hierarchies

Religions of India

* Islam: monotheistic, equality
* Hinduism: polytheistic, caste
* Buddhism: polytheistic
* Sikhism: one god, equality

Mughal Empire established

Babur wins against Delhi Sultanate

Tang Dynasty established

Li Yuan and Tang Taizong overthrow Sui

Collapse of Tang Dynasty

* Internal conflict
* Spread of warlords
* Assassination of last emperor

Genghis Khan and the Silk Road

* Mongol empire founder
* Unified previously warring clans
* Ushered in protection/control of Silk Road

selective borrowing

adopting or adapting some culture/ideas but discarding others

Roman Empire's decline

* Constantine moving capital to Constantinople, leaving west vulnerable
* Lay Investiture: appointment of church officials, exile of Popes
* Crusaders raid Constantinople

Battle of Tours impacts

* Establishment of Rome
* Frank power in Europe
* The defeat of Muslim (Umayyad) spread

Role of Christian Church

Power over all, value of sacraments and Heaven

How church influenced European powers

lay investiture and threat of excommunication

Crusades impact

* Increased trade b/c of travel, access to new lands
* Papal power ^
* Monarch power ^
* Christian fervor ^

Why kings want lay investiture

Gained favor of those appointed

Hundred Years' War result

English Parliament and French monarchy gain power, Estates General overpowered now

Western Europe vs. Eastern Europe

West was under pope of Catholic Church
East was Eastern Orthodox and many ethnic groups combined

Split in Islam after Muhammad's death

Who succeeds him and becomes the next keader

Islamic civilization impact/achievement

Tech and science like surgery, navigation

Relations between kingdoms of Africa, Islamic civilizations, and Europe

African kingdoms traded with other Islamic civilizations and prospered; European countries gained info and ideas

Korea's relationship w/ China and Japan

Heavily influenced by Chinese culture, writing, art
Invaded by Japan

Ming dynasty successes

* Overthrow Mongols
* Limit trade w/ Europe and increased price for massive wealth
* Huge naval exploration, but later isolationist
* Restoration of Great Wall

Why Italy was the center of the renaissance

History: location of Ancient Rome, thriving cities in Medieval times, trade with Islamic civilizations
Money, many patron families

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press

Martin Luther

Reformist who wrote the 95 Theses criticizing the church in response to indulgences

Two Indulgences

Pay rather than do Confession and absolve yourself of sins
Get another out of Purgatory to Heaven faster

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its prince

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance

Italian: idealistic, focused on Biblical figures

Northern: secular, everyday life, ig more Humanism

Luther's issues w/ the Catholic Church

indulgences and how it is not how repentance should be

Why did Henry VIII ask Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy?

gain power of the church and make it his own

major outcomes of the Council of Trent

strengthen Inquisition, Jesuits establish institutions

Why are the Crusades connected to the Age of Exploration?

Travel access to new lands and trade

Bartolomew Dias

sailed to the Cape of Good Hope

Colombus

New World

Vasco da Gama

the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe

Treaty of Tordesillas

The east is Spain's and the west plus Brazil is Portugal's as decreed by the pope

outpost

* station for storage of goods to trade
* safe harbor
* restock stations
* mostly in India

sepoy

Indian troops paid to fight for British/French

Why did the Age of Exploration begin?

* avoid tolls from Islamic civilizations
* spread of religion
* better navigation tools

What purpose did colonies serve in European exploration efforts?

Money, trade

How did economies change as a result of the Age of Exploration?

Growth of capitalism, investments, businesses running themselves

What were similarities and differences between European approaches to exploration in Asia?

* Portuguese: befriend local princes not Mughal, outposts, Inquisition
* Dutch: marry to stay long term, Dutch East India Company armies, wars, negotiation
* Spanish: Convert Filippinos
* English/French: establish rapport with Indian officials, hire sepoys, forts and warehouses

Dutch and British companies in exploration

Take control of spice trade w/ Dutch East India Company, armies, wars, negotiation
Invest in exploration

How did China and India differ in their relationships with European explorers?

* China isolationist, saw Europeans as barbarians, minimal trade
* India welcoming

Matteo Ricci vs. George Macartney

intrigued to learn, but ignored as a missionary

rejected more trade, shut out

Why did Japan and Korea also stay away from European explorers?

* Fearful of events in India and the Philippines
* Korea disastrous after invasions from Japan

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Common themes of interactions between explorers and natives

things start amicably and curious, but end in violence

Colombian Exchange

* The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world
* population increase b/c of food

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Bartolome de Las Casas

Defends Natives' rights
Argues Africans should be slaves since they will be immune to disease and better workers

Social hierarchy of New World

* Pure Spanish
* Pure blood but born in New World
* Indian + European
* African + European
* Zambos, Indian, African

Middle Passage

Route across Atlantic to transport slaves from Africa to New World

Triangle Trade

* Europe gave Africa money and manufactured goods
* Africa gave slaves to the New World
* New World gave crops to Europe and Africa
* Europe gave manufactured goods to the New World

Commercial Revolution

* Modern capitalism, banking, investing in colonies
* Price Revolution: inflation
* Free enterprise, investments, businesses running themselves

Mercantilism

colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country

What is Capitalism and how does it work in the Age of Exploration?

Invest money for more profit; trading exotic goods, paying for more voyages

Absolute Monarchy and Divine Right

Monarch has total control over people and government

they are chosen by God to carry out His will

Result of Charles V’s abdication of the Spanish throne

His brother Ferdinand (HRE) gets Hapsburg

Son Philip II gets Spain, New World, Philippines, Africa ports

Causes of Spain’s Decline

Costly war w/ England drained wealth

they had a neglected infrastructure b/c of focus on wealth from New World

inflation

Result of Spanish Armada on control of the Atlantic and New World colonies

They no longer have the navy, England takes control of Atlantic travel, and so established colonies

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Huguenots throughout France were massacred by Christians, arranged by Queen Catherine de Medici

How Henry IV restores order to France

Edict of Nantes: religious toleration, royal bureaucracy: reduce noble influence, absolute monarchy

How did the Catholic Church influence Louis XIII and Louis XIV’s rule?

Huguenots persecuted throughout their reigns

The Fronde

Social classes trying to gain power, causing Louis XIV to go into hiding

How did Jean-Baptiste Colbert change France’s economy?

Minister of economy, increase farming/mining, mercantilism in colonies; self-sufficiency of France

Major cause of the War of Spanish succession

Death of monarch, next heir is king of France’s (Louis XIV) grandson

why HRE was disunified

So many ethnic groups did not want to be loyal to emperor, religious separation, princes w/ mercenaries carrying out own agendas

major changes to Europe after the Peace of Westphalia

Ends 30 Years’ War, Sweden has Baltic and freedom from Austria, Netherlands free from Spain, etc.

Hohenzollerns

Dynastic family of Prussia from North Germany

War of the Austrian Succession

No one believed in Maria Theresa as a ruler since she was a woman

How did Peter I westernize Russia?

Ruled and dressed himself and boyars as if it is a western country

Where did Catherine the Great and other European powers partition and for what purpose?

Austria, Prussia, and Russia bordering Poland, which was weak due to internal disunity and surrounded by leading European powers

relationship between Parliament and the Monarchy during Henry and Elizabeth’s reigns

Disconnected, only interacting for money to be used in wars

Henry had to ask to pass Act of Supremacy

why Stuarts clash w/ Parliament

James I asserts Divine Right

Parliament dissolved after clashes over spending

Why does Charles I have tension with the Long Parliament?

Imprisoning foes, including members of Parliament; wants absolute power

What are the results of the English Civil War?

* Charles I executed; Oliver Cromwell to power
* Roundheads/ “New Model Army” for Parliament win

Why Charles II was a popular king

* religious/political toleration
* restores Church of England’s power
* founds Royal Society for Academics

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless transition of power from James I to William and Mary of Orange

English Bill of Rights stipulations

limited monarch power; guaranteed protection of citizens

constitutional government

Main features of a Constitutional Government

* elections
* rights and freedoms
* rule of law
* separation of powers
* social and economic equality

Social Contract

Thomas Hobbes; give up certain rights for the order of society

Natural Rights

John Locke; life, liberty, property