Cellular Respriation

Aerobic Respriation

Consumes organic material and O2 to make ATP

Anaerobic respriation

Consumes non O2 compounds and makes ATP

fermentation

Partial degradation of sugars doesn’t require O2

Cellular respiration reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 to 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (ATP + Heat)

Redox without electron transfer

Change the relative share of electrons in bonds

Respiration as redox

Glucose is oxidized (looses electron) and oxygen is reduced (gains electron)

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Store electrons from organic compounds, reduced version is NADH

Electron transport chain

Process of slowly releasing the high energy electrons stored in NADH, powered by O2 oxidation power

Glycolysis

Process of breaking glucose into pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation and Kreb’s cycle

Completes the glucose breakdown

Oxidative phosphorylation

Process of the majority of ATP production

Substrate ATP Yield

Way glycolysis and kreb’s cycle make small amount of ATP, transfor of phosphate group from substrate to ADP making ADP ATP

Glycolysis meaning

Splitting of sugars

Energy Investment Phase 1

Phosphate group from ATP is moved to glucose making it more chemically reactive

Energy investment stage 2

Glucose 6 phosphate is converted to fructose 6 phosphate with enzyme

Energy investment phase 3

Another ATP phosphate is added to opposite sugar end making fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

Energy investment phase 4

Sugar is divided into two 3 carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Energy investment phase 5

DHAP and G3P have a forward back reaction while G3P is immediately used, this never reaches equilibrium

Energy Payoff phase 1

G3P is oxidized by NAD+ and energy from this is used to attach a phosphate group to the oxidized substrate making 1 3 biphosphoglycerate

Energy payoff phase 2

Phosphate group is transferred to ADP in Exergonic reaction making 3-phosphoglycerate

Energy payoff phase 3

\`3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate (relocated phosphate group)

Energy payoff phase 4

Double bond forms in the substrate by removing H2O making phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with high potential energy

Energy payoff phase 5

Enzyme moves phosphate group from PEP to ADP making pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation

With O2 pyruvate enters mitochondrion, links glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle

Pyruvate oxidation 1

One carbon is released as CO2

Pyruvate oxidation 2

Remaining 2-C molecule is oxidized to make acetate and NAD+ is reduced

Pyruvate oxidation 3

Acetate is linked to coenzyme A to make Acetyl-CoA

Entry to citric acid cycle

Acetyl group enters Krebs cycle to complete breakdown of pyruvate to CO2, each acetyl group leads to one cycle turn

KC 1

Acetyl CoA adds its two Carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate making citrate

KC 2

Citrate is converted to isocitrate by removing water molecule and adding another (shuffles bonds)

KC3

Isocitrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH then compound loses a CO2 making Alpha-ketoglutarate

KC 4

CO2 molecule is lost and compound is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH and remainder is attatched to coenzyme a making succinylcholine CoA

KC 5

CoA is displaced by phosphate group transferring GDP making GTP and resulting in compound succinate

KC 6

Two hydrogen atoms transfer to FAD making FADH2 and oxidizing succinate to fumarate

KC 7

Water is added and rearranges bonds making fumarate turn to malate

KC 8

Substrate is oxidized reducing NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate

Oxidative phosphorylation

Over the previous two cycles most energy is transferred into NADH and FADH2 these give electrons to electron transport chain

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Location

In inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae)

Protein complexes

Series of complexes that move the electrons down the ETC

FADH2 elections

Join the transport chain at Q and follow same path as NADH

End of ETC

Electrons are pumped into the inter membrane space against the electro gradient

Chemiosmosis

Energy released by electron transfer is use to pump H+ Into inter membrane space creating a gradient

ATP synthasee

H+ flow down gradient back into cell

Phosphorylation of ADP to ADT

ATP synthesis is used to drive phosphorylation

Proton-motive force

Use of H+ gradient to drive cellular work