B1.2 and A1.2- Proteins and nucleotides

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotide

protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

draw amino acid structure

carboxyl group, amino group, and variable group

r groups effects in amino acids

can make them acidic polar, basic polar, polar, or non polar

bond between amino acids

peptide bond- formed through condensation

essential amino acids

need to be obtained in our diet as the body can't synthesize them

non-essential amino acids

amino acids that the body can synthesize on its own; does not need to get from diet

Conditionally non-essential amino acids

amino acids that are synthesized when healthy, but not when you're ill.

effect of ph and temperature on protein structure

- when temperature increases beyond its optimum, the protein becomes denatured

- if ph is increased or decreased beyond its optimum, the protein denatures

denaturation

a change in the 3d structure of a molecule, making it fail to function

sugar phosphate backbone

when many nucleotides join together through condensation

How is the sugar-phosphate backbone formed?

by covalent bonding between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide.

condensation reaction (h20 released)

bond forming between nucleotides

phosphodiester bond- phosphate groups join with the pentose sugar of another nucleotide

Complementary pairing in a double-strand structure of DNA.

adenine-thymine

cytosine-guanine

purines: adenine and guanine

pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine

purines always pair with prymidines

purine vs. prymidine

purines have two rings, prymidines have one

shape of DNA molecule

double helix, with antiparallel strands

nucleotide

phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

The nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

The nitrogen-containing bases found in RNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

RNA vs DNA

Single-stranded vs. Double- stranded,

Uracil vs. Thymine

Ribose sugar vs. Deoxyribose sugar

Draw RNA Polymer

Draw DNA Polymer.

ribose vs deoxyribose chemical difference

ribose has oxygen on bottom, deoxyribose doesn't

draw ribose sugar

Draw deoxyribose sugar

Explain the importance of complementary base pairing in allowing genetic information to be replicated and expressed.

Maintains the specificity required for accurate copying and reading of genetic information.

Why are DNA sequences diverse

DNA can hold a lot of information (enormous capacity for storing data), so it can have many different sequences and lengths, giving rise to diversity.

DNA is a universal code?

Yes, it is. It is common to all organisms. Evidence of universal common ancestry.

The monomer of a protein

Amino acid

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Dipeptide

Two amino acids bonded together

word equation for condensation reactions between amino acids to form dipeptides

Amino acid + amino acid >> dipeptide + water

Draw a dipeptide

How many amino acids are coded for in the genetic code?

20

examples of polypeptides and function

Collagen: Structural proteins in tendons, ligaments, skin and blood vessel walls. Fibrous proteins.

Harmoglobin: Binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues with reduced oxygen. Globular protein.