GOVERNMENT AIR TEST REVIEW

Negotiation

A process of settling differences through a discussion of issues.It often involves compromise and collaboration between parties to reach a mutually acceptable agreement.

Consensus Building

Process of working toward achieving general agreement within a group.

Persuasion

Process of inducing (convincing) others into accepting a point of view by means of reasoning and argumentation.

Compromise

Process of making concessions (giving something up) to settle differences.

1st Amendment

Gives us the freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

Protects the right of the people to bear arms

3rd Amendment

Prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring a warrant based on probable cause.

5th Amendment

Protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy, guarantees due process.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, the right to an attorney, and the right to confront witnesses.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

Protects rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution to the people

10th Amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people.

11th Amendment

Prohibits citizens of one state from suing another state in federal court.

12th Amendment

Modifies the procedure for electing the President and Vice President of the United States.

13th Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and ensures equal protection under the law. It prohibits states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process. In addition, it also prohibits states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdiction.

15th Amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

16th Amendment

Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states.

17th Amendment

Establishes the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, replacing state legislature selection.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, also known as Prohibition.

19th Amendment

Grants women the right to vote in federal and state elections.

20th Amendment

Sets the terms for the beginning and end of the presidency and congressional sessions, known as the "Lame Duck" Amendment.

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment, allowing the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

22 Amendment

Limits the president to two terms in office.

23rd Amendment

Amendment gave residents of Washington D.C. the right to vote in presidential elections.

24th Amendment

Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.

25th Amendment

Establishes procedures for presidential succession and disability.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age to 18.

27th Amendment

Prevents Congress from giving itself pay raises without a delay. An amendment to the US Constitution, it ensures that any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress will not take effect until after the next election.

Political Spectrum

A system that classifies different political positions, ideologies, or parties along a range, typically from left to right, based on beliefs about economics, governance, and social issues.

Conservative and Liberal

Two main political ideologies on the political spectrum, where conservatives typically advocate for traditional values and limited government, while liberals support progressive reforms and a more active government role in social issues.

Interest Groups and Lobbying

Organizations that seek to influence government policy and decision-making by advocating for specific interests or agendas.

Credibility source of material/bias

Refers to the trustworthiness and reliability of information based on its origin, context, and potential biases, affecting how it is perceived and interpreted.

The Cabinet

A group of people that help the president with his actions and advise on policy decisions, consisting of heads of executive departments.

Impeachment Process

You need ½ of the House of Representatives to impeach a president and then 2/3 of the Senate to convict the president.

Presidential Roles

Chief of party, chief legislator, chief executive, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief of state.

Gridlock

This is when the government doesn’t make any progress in making a law or anything.

Who makes the law

The legislative branch makes the laws and is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

House qualifications

At least 25 years old, must have lived in the U.S. for 7 years and be an inhabitant of the state you are running for

Senate qualifications

At least 30 years old, must have lived in the U.S. for 9 years and be an inhabitant of the state you are running for.

Qualifications for president/vp

At least 35 years old, must have lived in the U.S. for 14 years, and be a natural-born citizen.

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by both federal and state governments, such as the ability to tax, build roads, and create lower courts.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but inferred from its expressed powers, allowing the government to take actions necessary to carry out its functions.

Reserved Powers

Powers not granted to the federal government or prohibited to the states, which are reserved for the states and the people, such as controlling education and local governments.

Amendment ratification process

2/3 of both chambers of Congress have to propose the amendment and then ¾ of the states have to vote to ratify it.