Kinesiology Final

Humeroradial joint

Identify 1 (joint)

Humeroulnar joint

Identify 2 (joint)

Proximal radioulnar joint

Identify 3 (joint)

Humeroulnar joint

Primary hinge joint of elbow; articulates between trochlea and trochlear notch; virtually no translation occurs here; has 1 degree of freedom (flexion/extension)

Humeroradial joint

Important joint for transmitting loads, takes on 60% of loads on the elbow; articulation of capitulum of distal humerus with head of radius; has 1 degree of freedom (flexion/extension)

Proximal radiolunar joint

Articulation of radial notch of ulna with radial head and rim; responsible for rotation movement for supination and pronation

In pronation, the radius rotates over the ulna

In pronation, the ________ rotates over the __________

Middle radioulnar joint

Articulation of the shaft of the radius, shaft of ulnar and membrane; synarthrodial; important for stabilization of elbow and joint, transmitting force from hand to humerus, and attachment for muscles

Distal radioulnar joint

Articulation of the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch and articulate disk of the radius; responsible for rational movement for pronation and supination

Stabilizers

The Humeroradial joint, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament are primary __________ of the elbow

False - greater stability in flexion than extension

T/F? The elbow has greater stability in extension than flexion

The ulnar/medial collateral ligaments prevent excessive valgus (lateral angulation) at the elbow

The ulnar/medial collateral ligaments prevent excessive ___________ at the elbow

The radial/lateral collateral ligaments prevent excessive varus (medial angulation) at the elbow

The radial/lateral collateral ligaments prevent excessive __________ at the elbow

Elbow flexion

What are these muscles responsible for?

Brachialis

Biceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Triceps

Primary muscle responsible for elbow flexion

sagittal plane, frontal axis

Elbow flexion/extension occur in the ________ plane, around the ________ axis

Pronation

What are these muscles responsible for?

Pronator teres

Pronator quadratus

Supinator and biceps

Identify the muscles (2) responsible for supination

Transverse plane, frontal axis

Forearm supination/pronation occurs in the ______ plane, around the ______ axis

True - there is a natural carrying angle at this joint

T/F? The axis of the humeroulnar joint is not horizontal

Cubital tunnel syndrome

Numbness and tingling in ring and small fingers caused by increased pressure and tension on the ulnar nerve with elbow in a flexed position

Cubits valgus

An abnormal outward/lateral deviation at the elbow

Cubits varus

An abnormal inward/medial deviation at the elbow

Lateral epicondylosis

Tennis elbow; pain outside of elbow and sometimes forearm and wrist; caused by repetitive wrist and arm motions

Medial epicondylosis

Golfer's elbow, pain on inner side; caused by excess or repetitive stress

Scaphoid

Identify 1

Lunate

Identify 2

Triquetrum

Identify 3

Pisiform

Identify 4

Palmar aspect, ulnar side

Pisiform: Pea shaped bone can be found on the (palmar/dorsal) aspect of the hand near the (radial/ulnar) crease

Trapezium

Identify 5

Capitate

Identify 7

Trapezoid

Identify 6

Pisiform

Insertion for the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

False- it is attached to the triquetrum

T/F? The pisiform is attached to the trapezium

Hamate

Identify 8

Scaphoid

Most frequently fractured carpal bone

Trapezium

Carpal bone distal to the scaphoid

Capitate

Axis for ulnar and radial deviation; distal to lunate

Hamate

Carpal bone distal and lateral to the pisiform

Scaphoid

Distal to the styloid process of radius, opposite the pisiform; transmits forces from hand to the forearm

Pisiform, Ulnar nerve

Tunnel of guyron: channel between _________ and hook of hamate where ________ nerve passes

Lunate

Most frequently dislocated carpal bone, distal to Lister's tubercle

Flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation

What movements occurs at the radiocarpal joint? (2 sets)

Triquetrum

Distal to styloid process of ulnar; best to palpated when wrist is radially deviated

True

T/F? The intercarpal joints are where the individual carpal bones articulate with each other

Flexion/extension, rotation

Movements that occur at the midcarpal joint

Radiocarpal joint

Most commonly thought of as the true wrist joint; distal radius and radioulnar disk articulates with proximal row of carpals (scaphoid and lunate) (2)

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

Cushion between distal ulna and carpals, adds to stability on ulnar side of the wrist; common injury site

False - Sagittal plane; frontal axis

T/F? Wrist extension/flexion occurs in the transverse plane around the vertical axis

Midcarpal joint

articulation between the two parallel rows of carpal bones (1)

Ulnar deviation

Occurs naturally with wrist flexion, occurs in frontal plane around sagittal axis; wrist adduction; involves flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris

Radial deviation

Occurs primarily at the midcarpal joint; occurs in the frontal plane along the sagittal axis; involves extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis, extensor pollicis longus/brevis, flexor carpi radialis, abductor pollicis longus

Circumduction: neutral ➡️ extension➡ radial deviation ➡ flexion ➡ ulnar deviation and repeats

Circumduction: neutral ➡️ extension➡ ______________ ➡ flexion ➡ ___________ and repeats

Median

Carpal tunnel syndrome involves compression of the ________ nerve at the carpal tunnel of the wrist

True

T/F? Smith's and Colle's fractures are both distal radius fractures

Smith's fractures involve volar displacement of the distal bone while in a distal radius fracture

___________ fractures involve volar displacement of the distal bone in a distal radius fracture

Ulnar nerve

Identify green

Radial nerve

Identify blue

Median nerve

Identify red

DIP joint; PIP joint; MP joint

Identify 1, 2, 3

IP joint, MP joint, CMC joint

Identify 4, 5, 6

Distal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals, carpal

Identify A, B, C, D, E

Colle's

__________ fractures involve distal displacement of the distal bone in a distal radius fracture

Ulnar; flex

A claw hand would indicate a __________ nerve injury, causing the 4th and 5th digit PIP and DIP joints to flex and in inability to fully (flex/extend) the digits

Left: Smith, Right: Colle's

Identify both of the pathologies

Median, flex

Hand of benediction would indicate a ________ nerve injury, causing the 2nd and 3rd digits to extend and in inability to fully (flex/extend) the digits

Radial; extension

Wrist drop would indicate a ________ nerve injury resulting in loss of wrist, digit, and thumb (flexion/extension)

False

T/F? The thumb has a middle phalange

3rd metacarpal

Location of transverse arches peaks

The proximal transverse arches is along the CMC joints, the distal transverse arch is along the MCP/MP joints

The proximal transverse arches is along the _____ joints, the distal transverse arch is along the ______ joints

Proximal transverse arch

(Proximal/Distal) transverse arch: capitate is centrally located along this arch, fairly rigid, produces concave appearance of palm

Distal transverse arch

(Proximal/Distal) transverse arch: important for "cupping" or "flattening palm" which involves metacarpals 1, 4, and 5 rotating around stable 2 and 3

Metacarpal heads (knuckles)

Peak of longitudinal arch which allows for us to hold and manipulate objects

CMC joints

Articulation between distal carpal bones and adjacent metacarpals

2nd and 3rd CMC joints

Primary stabilizers of the hand (2 joints), allows us to hold tools

4th and 5th CMC joints

2 joints: Most mobility in the hand; allows hands to cup or curve

False - gliding/sliding occurs at these joints but not movement occurs specific to this joint

T/F? The CMC joint is responsible for flexion/extension

MCP joint of fingers

Articulation of metacarpal joint with adjacent proximal phalanx

Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

Movements that occur at the MCP joints of the fingers

True

T/F? MCP flexion of fingers is not tested on its own unless testing for flexor digiti minimi

True - occurs parallel to the palm

T/F? Radial adduction/abduction is the same movement as flexion/extension of the CMC joint of the thumb

False - palmar abduction/adduction is the same movement (occurs perpendicular to the palm)

T/F? Radial abduction/adduction is the same movement as abduction/adduction of the thumb

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

Radial adduction/abduction (flexion/extension), Palmar abduction/adduction (abduction/adduction), opposition

Identify all of the movements occurring at the CMC joints of the thumb

True - it is an accessory movement

T/F? Rotation occurs at the CMC joint of the thumb

Flexion/extension

What movement(s) does that MCP joint of the thumb participate in?

Flexion/extension

What movement(s) does that IP joint of the thumb participate in?

Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, adductor pollicis

What muscles make up the thenar eminence? (4)

Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi

What muscles make up the hypothenar eminence? (3)

Prehension

Grasp, holding/manipulating objects; can be power grip or precision grip

Power grips; decreased

In the ______ grip digits position objects against palm forcefully while being moved by a more proximal joint, the thumb has (increased/decreased) function as it wraps around in the opposite direction of the digits flexing in one direction

Cylindrical Grip:

Fingers: flexed and adducted

Thumb: opposition

Cylindrical Grip:

Fingers: _________ and ________

Thumb: _____________

Spherical grip:

Fingers: flexed and abducted

Thumb: opposition

Spherical grip:

Fingers: _________ and __________

Thumb: __________

PIPs/DIPs flexed, MCPs neutral/extended

A hook grip can sustain force for a long time and involves the 2nd-5th __________/_________ flexed in a hooklike manner while the _______ are neutral and extended

Composite grip

Maximal flexion of all digits

Ex. wringing out towel

Precision grips

Used for holding objects between tips of fingers and the thumb, provide more fine movement and accuracy, proximal joints do not move as much

Lateral pinch

Pad of thumb presses object against lateral index finger, strong grip but has less fine movement; such as when holding a key

Tip pinch

Tip of finger with tip of thumb to pick up small objects, forms a circle, important for fine motor coordination not for power

Palmar pinch

Palmar surface of distal phalange in contact with palmar surface of thumb; forms an oval; used when holding a pencil or pinching tweezers