CHEM 103 Memorization Flashcards

Flashcards covering periodic table elements, SI prefixes, polyatomic ions, naming rules, Greek prefixes, acids, Lewis structures, and electron/molecular geometries.

Hydrogen (H)

Symbol: H. First element in the periodic table; nonmetal.

Silicon (Si)

Symbol: Si. Metalloid; essential in semiconductors.

Cobalt (Co)

Symbol: Co. Transition/post-transition metal; roman numeral may be needed in naming ionic compounds.

Barium (Ba)

Symbol: Ba. Alkaline earth metal.

Helium (He)

Symbol: He. Noble gas; inert.

Phosphorus (P)

Symbol: P. Nonmetal; essential element.

Nickel (Ni)

Symbol: Ni. Transition metal; variable oxidation states.

Palladium (Pd)

Symbol: Pd. Transition metal; commonly used as a catalyst.

Lithium (Li)

Symbol: Li. Alkali metal; soft and highly reactive.

Sulfur (S)

Symbol: S. Nonmetal; forms sulfides.

Copper (Cu)

Symbol: Cu. Transition metal; variable oxidation states.

Silver (Ag)

Symbol: Ag. Transition metal; common +1 oxidation state.

Beryllium (Be)

Symbol: Be. Alkaline earth metal.

Chlorine (Cl)

Symbol: Cl. Halogen; diatomic Cl2.

Zinc (Zn)

Symbol: Zn. Post-transition metal; commonly +2 oxidation state.

Cadmium (Cd)

Symbol: Cd. Transition/post-transition metal; commonly +2 oxidation state.

Boron (B)

Symbol: B. Metalloid.

Argon (Ar)

Symbol: Ar. Noble gas.

Gallium (Ga)

Symbol: Ga. Post-transition metal.

Tin (Sn)

Symbol: Sn. Post-transition metal.

Carbon (C)

Symbol: C. Nonmetal; basis of organic chemistry.

Potassium (K)

Symbol: K. Alkali metal.

Germanium (Ge)

Symbol: Ge. Metalloid; group 14.

Iodine (I)

Symbol: I. Halogen.

Nitrogen (N)

Symbol: N. Nonmetal; diatomic N2.

Calcium (Ca)

Symbol: Ca. Alkaline earth metal.

Arsenic (As)

Symbol: As. Metalloid.

Xenon (Xe)

Symbol: Xe. Noble gas.

Oxygen (O)

Symbol: O. Nonmetal; diatomic O2.

Scandium (Sc)

Symbol: Sc. Transition metal; group 3.

Selenium (Se)

Symbol: Se. Nonmetal/metalloid.

Platinum (Pt)

Symbol: Pt. Transition metal; noble metal.

Fluorine (F)

Symbol: F. Halogen.

Titanium (Ti)

Symbol: Ti. Transition metal.

Bromine (Br)

Symbol: Br. Halogen.

Gold (Au)

Symbol: Au. Transition metal; noble metal.

Neon (Ne)

Symbol: Ne. Noble gas.

Vanadium (V)

Symbol: V. Transition metal.

Krypton (Kr)

Symbol: Kr. Noble gas.

Mercury (Hg)

Symbol: Hg. Transition metal; liquid at room temperature.

Sodium (Na)

Symbol: Na. Alkali metal.

Chromium (Cr)

Symbol: Cr. Transition metal.

Rubidium (Rb)

Symbol: Rb. Alkali metal.

Lead (Pb)

Symbol: Pb. Post-transition metal.

Magnesium (Mg)

Symbol: Mg. Alkaline earth metal.

Manganese (Mn)

Symbol: Mn. Transition metal.

Cesium (Cs)

Symbol: Cs. Alkali metal.

Aluminum (Al)

Symbol: Al. Post-transition metal.

Iron (Fe)

Symbol: Fe. Transition metal.

Strontium (Sr)

Symbol: Sr. Alkaline earth metal.

Giga prefix (Gm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^9; 1 Gm = 1 x 10^9 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^-9 Gm.

Mega prefix (Mm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^6; 1 Mm = 1 x 10^6 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^-6 Mm.

Kilo prefix (km)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^3; 1 km = 1 x 10^3 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^-3 km.

Deci prefix (dm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-1; 1 dm = 0.1 m; 1 m = 10 dm.

Centi prefix (cm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-2; 1 cm = 0.01 m; 1 m = 100 cm.

Milli prefix (mm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-3; 1 mm = 0.001 m; 1 m = 1000 mm.

Micro prefix (µm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-6; 1 µm = 1 x 10^-6 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^6 µm.

Nano prefix (nm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-9; 1 nm = 1 x 10^-9 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^9 nm.

Angstrom (Å)

Unit equal to 1 x 10^-10 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^10 Å.

Pico prefix (pm)

Prefix meaning 1 x 10^-12; 1 pm = 1 x 10^-12 m; 1 m = 1 x 10^12 pm.

Polyatomic ion ammonium

NH4+; ammonium ion.

Hypochlorite

ClO−; hypochlorite ion.

Nitrite

NO2−; nitrite ion.

Acetate

C2H3O2−; acetate ion.

Chlorite

ClO2−; chlorite ion.

Nitrate

NO3−; nitrate ion.

Bicarbonate

HCO3−; bicarbonate ion.

Chlorate

ClO3−; chlorate ion.

Hydroxide

OH−; hydroxide ion.

Carbonate

CO3^2−; carbonate ion.

Perchlorate

ClO4−; perchlorate ion.

Phosphate

PO4^3−; phosphate ion.

Cyanide

CN−; cyanide ion.

Sulfite

SO3^2−; sulfite ion.

Hydrogen phosphate

HPO4^2−; hydrogen phosphate ion.

Chromate

CrO4^2−; chromate ion.

Sulfate

SO4^2−; sulfate ion.

Dihydrogen phosphate

H2PO4−; dihydrogen phosphate ion.

Dichromate

Cr2O7^2−; dichromate ion.

Bisulfate

HSO4−; bisulfate ion.

Permanganate

MnO4−; permanganate ion.

Ionic compound naming (steps)

Step 1: name the metal. Step 2: if metal is a transition metal, add Roman numeral for its charge in parentheses. Step 3: name the anion (−ide for simple ions or use polyatomic ion names).

Greek prefixes mono to deca

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca; mono used only with the less electronegative second atom.

Covalent naming rules (overview)

Name the most electropositive nonmetal first; use prefixes for the number of atoms; second nonmetal ends with -ide and uses the appropriate prefix.

Acid naming rules (overview)

If acid has a single anionic element, start with hydro- and end with -ic acid. If it contains a polyatomic ion, use the ion name with -ic or -ous acid depending on oxygen.

Strong acids to know

HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3.

Strong bases to know

Alkali-metal hydroxides (NaOH, KOH); alkaline-earth metal hydroxides (Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2).

Lewis structure (overview)

Two methods: (1) count valence electrons and build skeletal structure; (2) assign octets and use formal charges to optimize.

Formal charge

Formal charge = (# valence electrons) − (# bonds) − (# lone electrons).

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom used in bonding.

Octet rule

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in the valence shell (duet for H).

Central atom (Lewis))

Usually the most electropositive element; connects to other atoms in the skeletal structure.

Electron geometry vs. molecular geometry

Electron geometry considers electron groups around the central atom; molecular geometry considers arrangement of atoms only.

Linear geometry

Electron groups: 2; bonds: 2; lone pairs: 0; bond angle ~180°.

Trigonal planar geometry

Electron groups: 3; bonds: 3; lone pairs: 0; bond angle ~120°.

Bent (trigonal planar)

Electron groups: 3; bonds: 2; lone pairs: 1; bond angle <120°.

Tetrahedral geometry

Electron groups: 4; bonds: 4; lone pairs: 0; bond angle ~109.5°.

Trigonal pyramidal geometry

Electron groups: 4; bonds: 3; lone pairs: 1; bond angle <109.5°.

Bent (tetrahedral)

Electron groups: 4; bonds: 2; lone pairs: 2; bond angle <109.5°.