inequality and inertia practise 2

region contains’s largest population exposed to extreme heat?

india

2. By 2023, what proportion of the world experienced 3+ months of drought each year?

30%

3. Which regions have the highest percentage of severe water stress

sahel and horn of east africa 

 minimum number of days of soil moisture is required for agriculture in the Sahel?

120 

Which of the following is a predicted slow-onset impact from the IPCC (since the 1990s)?

• more extreme ____ and droughts

heatwaves

Which burdens fall most heavily on low-emission countries according to the Lancet (2009)?

Inland flooding ___, malnutrition, __, diarrhea

deaths, malaria

In the short term, increased glacier melt is most associated with:

flooding and glacial lake outburst floods

At 1.5°C global warming, what share of Hindu Kush–Himalayan (HKH) ice is expected to be lost by 2100?

33% 

one reason Pakistan is among the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries?

Its river systems rely heavily on glacier melt during dry seasons

How many people globally depend on seasonal glacier melt for water, food, and hydropower?

2 billion 

The Sahel region’s ecology is best described as:

___ grassland with ___ trees

savannah, sparse

Which water-stress region is the most populous according to the 2023 reports?

south asia

What has happened to per-capita freshwater availability since 2000?

decreased by 20%

14. What is the long-term effect of glacier loss on river flow?

• More ____ rivers with major dry-season shortages

seasonal

Which region will likely contain areas that become uninhabitable at 2°C of global warming?

Sahel and Horn of East Africa

16. What happened to Lake Chad compared to the 1960s?

Now less than 1/10 its former volume

Which of the following is TRUE of the accumulation and ablation zones in glacier systems

Historically, annual accumulation ≈ annual melt

“Peak water” refers to the point when:

___ runoff reaches maximum annual ___ before declining

glacial runoff

Extreme drought risk increased globally from 1980 to 2023 by how much?

from 5% to 30% 

Explain why Africa and South Asia are among the regions most vulnerable to climate impacts such as heat and drought.

• Africa and south asia in arid or semi-arid tropics (high exposure)

• Dense populations rely on climate-sensitive agriculture

• Extreme ___ exposure is increasing (India=world’s largest exposed population) 

heat

Describe 3 key reasons why global freshwater availability is declining.

20% drop in per capita freshwater since 2000.

- More frequent and long droughts.

- ___ of water for agriculture.

overuse

How has the area experiencing long-duration drought changed from 1980 to 2023?

Increased from 5% of the world to 30% of the world experiencing 3+ months of drought per year.

Why is agriculture in the Sahel becoming increasingly difficult to sustain? Provide two reasons.

- needs 120+ days of soil moisture

- ___ is seasonal, increasingly unreliable

rainfall

Explain how climate change disrupts the glacier mass balance.

melt > accumulation

- longer melt seasons=negative mass balance and glacier __ 

shrinkage 

What are two major short-term and two major long-term effects of glacier melt on river systems?

ST more ____=flooding

- ST glacial lake outburst floods=catastrophic amounts of water 

- LT - rivers lose ___ water 

- LT - more seasonal flow → reduced irrigation, hydropower 

meltwater, dry-season 

Why is the Hindu Kush–Himalaya (HKH) region often called the “Third Pole”?

• HKH holds largest ___ mass besides antarctic and arctic

ice

Describe one factor that makes Pakistan particularly vulnerable to climate-driven floods.

• __ rivers depend heavily on ___ melt during dry seasons 

• intensifying monsoons increase flooding risk 

Pakistan, glacier

What does the Lancet’s climate-health research show about which countries suffer the most from climate-sensitive diseases?

Greatest burdens (malaria, malnutrition, diarrhea, flood deaths) fall on __-emission countries.

low

Why does most climate-related migration occur within countries rather than across borders?

People relocate to nearby safer regions first.

- Financial barriers prevent international migration.

Explain how extended drought reduces soil moisture and worsens food insecurity in regions like India.

• longer dry spells = less soil moisture

• poorer crop yields; more ____

hunger 

What is meant by “peak water” in glacier-fed river systems?

peak water=point when annual glacier ___ is ___ before declining as ice reserves ___

melt, highest, shrink

Describe how glacier meltwater helps stabilize river flow in normal conditions.

 ____ melt compensates for dry seasons 

- reduces seasonality of river flow 

summer

How does climate change increase both drought and flooding risk in South Asia?

• longer dry spells between storms

• more extreme ___ → sudden floods 

monsoons

Why are regions that emit the least greenhouse gases often those facing the greatest climate impacts?

• located in climate-___ tropics

• lower ___ capacity + rely on vulnerable __

sensitive, adaptaton agriculture

What conditions are required for agriculture in the Sahel, and why are these conditions less reliable today?

• Need 120+ days of soil moisture.

• ___ season shorter and ___ more frequent.

rainfall, droughts

Explain the ecological consequences of repeated droughts in savannah ecosystems.

___ cannot ___.

- Reduced grazing areas + ecosystem degradation.

grasslands, regenerate

What happened to Lake Chad’s volume since the 1960s, and what factors contributed to this decline?

• Now <1/10 of its 1960s volume

• Caused by climate warming + ___ ___ withdrawals.

agricultural water

How does the loss of glacier mass threaten hydropower systems?

• Reducing consistent flow needed for ___, especially in dry seasons.

dams

Name two ways extreme heat affects human health according to the Lancet (2022).

• Increased __ and __ disease.

• Worse pregnancy outcomes + reduced ability to work/exercise.

heart, lung