Audiology and Aural Rehab Pre-Course Assessment

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149 Terms

1
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screening vs. diagnostic

screening involves quick, preliminary tests to identify potential hearing loss (pass/fail)

diagnostic allows the audiologist to determine the type and severity of the hearing loss

2
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what does the outer ear do?

collects sound waves from the environment and directs them to the eardrum

3
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what does the outer ear include?

the pinna and the external auditory meatus

4
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what does the middle ear do?

amplifies the sound from the ear drum and sends to the inner ear

5
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what does the middle ear include?

the ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

tympanic membrane

6
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what does the inner ear do?

the cochlea converts sound waves into electrical impulses

the auditory nerve sends those impulses to the brain

7
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what does the inner ear include?

the cochlea

the auditory nerve

8
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when does conductive hearing loss occur?

when sound waves are prevented from reaching the inner ear due to damage to the outer or middle ear

9
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when does sensorineural hearing loss occur?

when there is damage to the inner ear

10
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what is db spl?

decibels sound pressure level

11
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what does db spl measure and estimate?

measures the magnitude of air molecules

estimates how loud or soft a sound will be percieved by a human

12
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what is db hl?

decibels hearing level

13
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what does db hl measure?

the intensity at which sound can be heard

14
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what is db sl?

decibels sensation level

15
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what does db sl measure?

how intense a sound is relative to a person's hearing threshold

16
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what does 0 db hl mean?

the softest sound at which a person aged 18-35 with normal hearing can hear

17
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why do we use db hl?

as a consistent baseline to compare a person's hearing threshold at certain frequencies

18
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what is represented on the y-axis of an audiogram?

how loud a sound needs to be for a person to hear it (measured in db)

19
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what is represented on the x-axis of an audiogram?

pitches or frequencies (measured in Hz)

20
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how is the right ear air conduction unmasked represented on an audiogram?

red "O"

21
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how is the left ear air conduction unmasked represented on an audiogram?

Blue "X"

22
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how is the right ear bone conduction unmasked represented on an audiogram?

red "<"

23
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how is the left ear bone conduction unmasked represented on an audiogram?

Blue ">"

24
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how is right ear air conduction masked represented on an audiogram?

red "🔺"

25
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how is left ear air conduction masked represented on an audiogram?

blue ""

26
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how is right ear bone conduction mastoid masked represented on an audiogram?

red "["

27
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how is left ear bone conduction mastoid masked represented on an audiogram?

blue "]"

28
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how is right ear bone conduction masked forehead represented on an audiogram?

red "⸣"

29
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how is left ear bone conduction masked forehead represented on an audiogram?

Blue "⸢"

30
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how is left ear bone conduction forehead unmasked represented on an audiogram?

blue "v"

31
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how is right bone conduction forehead unmasked represented on an audiogram?

red "v"

32
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what is the purpose of tynpanometry?

evaluates the function of the middle ear by measuring how the eardrum responds to changes in air pressure

33
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what does tympanometry detect?

middle ear fluid

eardrum perforations

eustachian tube dysfunction

ossicular chain abnormalities

34
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what is the purpose of otoacoustic emissions (OAE)?

measures sound produced by the inner ear (cochlea) in response to external sound stimulus

35
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what does OAE detect?

cochlear function

hair cell activity

36
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what is OAE used in?

newborn hearing screenings and detecting cochlear hearing loss

37
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what is the purpose of auditory brainstem response (ABR)?

assess the hearing nerve and brainstem's response to sound

38
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what does ABR detect?

neural pathway integrity

retro cochlear disorder

hearing thresholds in infants or children who cannot undergo traditional hearing tests

39
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how is ABR performed?

electrodes are placed on the scalp to record responses

40
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what is the purpose of speech audiometry?

measures the ability to hear and understand speech at different volumes

41
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what does speech audiometry detect?

speech recognition thresholds (SRT)

word recognition scores (WRS)

42
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what does speech audiometry help with?

assessing the practical impact of hearing loss on communication

43
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what is the purpose of acoustic reflex testing?

evaluates the reflexive contraction of the middle ear muscles in response to loud sounds

44
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what does acoustic reflex testing detect?

middle ear integrity

cochlear integrity

auditory nerve integrity

45
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what can acoustic reflex testing help with?

diagnosing conditions like bell's palsy or acoustic neuromas

46
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what is the purpose of vestibular testing (VNG and ENG)

assesses balance and dizziness

47
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what can VNG and ENG detect?

vestibular system disorders (inner ear balance issues)

48
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what can VNG and ENG testing cause?

dizziness, vertigo or balance problems

49
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what is the purpose of pure tone testing?

standard part of an audiogram where pure tone of various frequencies and intensities are played

50
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what does pure tone testing detect?

specific frequencies at which a person has hearing loss

51
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what is the purpose of bone conduction testing?

measures the inner ear's response to sound delivered through the skull bones

52
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what does bone conduction testing detect?

differentiates between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

53
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how is bone conduction testing performed?

by placing an oscillator on either the mastoid bone or forehead to bypass the outer and middle ear

54
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what is sound?

a condition of disturbance of particles in a medium

55
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the mediums particles...

remain relatively fixed

56
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what are the 3 necessary components to make up sound?

an energy source

a body capable of vibration

a transmission medium

57
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what is the anatomy of a sinusodial (sin) wave?

amplitude

wavelength

58
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what is intensity?

the strength and power of a sound (measured in dB)

59
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what is loudness?

how we perceive the intensity of a sound

60
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what is frequency?

the number of waves that pass a given point per second (measured in Hz)

61
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what is pitch?

How high or low a sound is

62
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what is phase?

the position of a sound wave at a particular point in time

63
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what is in phase?

when 2 waveforms are perfectly aligned in time, and their cycles begin at the same time

64
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what is constructive interference?

when 2 waves are in phase, they add together to create a sound wave with an amplitude that is the sum of 2 waves' amplitudes

65
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what is out of phase?

when 2 waveforms are time-shifted and one wave begins at a different time than the other

66
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what is destructive interference?

when 2 waves are out of phase, they cancel each other out when added together

67
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what is constructive?

complex sounds (speech)

68
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is sound physically quantifiable?

yes, we can measure sound

69
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what does "no sound" mean?

the absence of sound waves or vibrations in the air

70
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what would we need for "no sound" to occur?

no vibrations

vacuum environment

soundproofing

71
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why do we use soundproof/sound treated booths?

to try to get reliable thresholds, so we can control the sound

72
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what is the mastoid process?

a bone located just behind the ear

73
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what does the mastoid process help with?

anchoring the muscles of the neck and jaw

74
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what do we use the mastoid process for?

a point to test bone conduction hearing

75
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what is the air conduction pathway?

acoustic energy --> mechanical energy --> neuroacoustic energy --> neurological energy

76
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what is air conduction?

the normal means of sound transmission in day-to-day situations

77
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what does pure tone air conduction audiometry determine?

the degree of hearing (loss or normal) at each frequency individually

78
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what is the result of bone conduction testing?

differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, providing the etiology of the loss

79
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where are low frequencies and high frequencies in tonotopic organization of the cochlea?

low frequencies at apex, high frequencies at base

80
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what are the anatomical components of the conductive mechanism?

outer ear (pinna, ear canal)

middle ear (tympanic membrane, ossicles)

eustachian tube

81
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what are the anatomical components of the sensorineural mechanism?

inner ear

Cochlea

basilar membrane

hair cells

auditory nerve

auditory brainstem

auditory cortext

82
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which pathway contains the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, 8th nerve and brainstem?

air conduction pathway

83
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what type of hearing loss is caused by fluid in the space that contains the malleus, incus, and stapes?

conductive hearing loss

84
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what type of hearing loss is caused by eustachian tube blockage?

conductive hearing loss

85
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what type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner hair cells?

sensorineural hearing loss

86
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what type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the outer hair cells?

sensorineural hearing loss

87
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what type of hearing loss is caused by blockage of the external auditory meatus?

conductive hearing loss

88
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what type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the stapes and outer hair cells?

mixed hearing loss

89
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which anatomical components and mechanisms are measured by air conduction testing?

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear

auditory nerve

90
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which anatomical components and mechanisms are measured by bone conduction testing?

inner ear

auditory nerve

central auditory pathways

91
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what do air conduction responses tell you about the severity of hearing/hearing loss?

reflects how well the entire auditory system is functioning

92
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what do bone conduction responses you about the severity of hearing/hearing loss?

reflect the function of the inner ear and auditory nerve, bypassing the outer and middle ear

93
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what type of hearing loss is determined if bone conduction thresholds are normal, but air conduction thresholds are elevated?

conductive hearing loss

94
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what type of hearing loss is determined if bone conduction thresholds are elevated?

sensorineural hearing loss

95
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what is the difference between air conduction. and bone conduction thresholds? (greater than 10 dB)

air-bone gap

96
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what does air-bone gap suggest?

conductive hearing loss

97
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what is speech reception threshold (SRT)?

the lowest level at which a person can correctly recognize and repeat 50% of simple spoken words (spondee words)

98
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what is the range for normal hearing?

-10 - 15 dB

99
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what is the range for slight hearing loss?

16 dB - 25 dB

100
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what is the range for mild hearing loss?

26 - 40 dB