CompTIA Network+ N10-009

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245 Terms

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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

1) Physical => transmission & receipt of signals via cabling or wireless interface

2) Data Link => transfers data between nodes on the same logical segment

3) Network => moves data round a network of networks, associated with IP

4) Transport => moves frames and datagrams between nodes and networks

5) Session => manages communication between devices

6) Presentation => supports data compression and encryption

7) Application => layer that users see

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SOHO Routers

Multifunction network appliance

Modem, switch, wireless AP, router, and firewall

Establishes a LAN and connects it to the Internet WAN

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Copper cabling used in telephone wiring and LANs

Low cost

Ease of installation

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Adds an outer covering

Reduce cross-talk, EMI, RFI

More expensive, harder to install

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Coaxiale Cable

Built with a metal shield

Designed to block signal interference

Mostly used by TV companies

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Twinaxial cable

Two inner conductors

Cost-effective, power efficient, high-speed

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Plenum-rated cable

Fire-rated cable jacket

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RJ11 connector

6 position, 2 conductor (6P2C)

Some cables will wire additional conductors

Telephone or DSL connection (POTS)

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RJ45

8 position, 8 conductor (8P8C)

Modular connector

Ethernet

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F-connector

Coaxial connector

Used for cable TV and cable modem connections

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BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connector

Coaxial connector

Secured by an outer ring

High-frequency signals over long distances

Minimal signal loss

Commonly used in video and networking applications

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Fiber Optic Cables

Immune to interference

More secure

Longer distances

Multi-mode => short ranges, LED

Single-mode => long ranges, laser

Straight Tip (ST) => bayonet-style twist-and-lock

Subscriber Connector (SC) => push-pull latching mechanism

Local Connector (LC) => snag-free latch, audible click

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Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack (MT-RJ)

Small form factor duplex fiber optic connector with a snap-in design

Very efficient, high density, low cost, lightweight

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Multi-fiber Push On (MPO)

Multiple fibers in a single physical connector interface

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Physical Contact (PC) Connector

Faces of the connector and fiber tip are polished so that they curve slightly and fit together better

Ultra Physical Contact (UPC) => polished to a higher standard than the PC

Angled Physical Contact (APC) => faces are angled for an even tighter connection and better return loss performance

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Transceivers

Transmits and receives data over various mediums, including optical fibers, copper cables, and wireless channels

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Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP)

Fiber optic transceiver module type supporting duplex 1 Gbps link

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Enhanced Small Form-Factor Pluggable (SFP+)

Fiber optic transceiver module type supporting duplex 16 Gbps link

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Quad Small Form Factor Pluggable (QSFP)

Fiber optic transceiver module type supporting four individual duplex lanes at 1 Gbps (QSFP) or 10 Gbps (QSFP+) that can be aggregated into a single 4 Gbps or 40 Gbps channel.

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Means of using a strand to transmit and/or receive more than one channel at a time

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Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Allows power to be transmitted over Ethernet cable to remote devices.

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Congestion

Network is trying to send and receive more data than its capacity allows

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Bottlenecks

Flow of data is slowed or stopped due to a limited capacity or processing point in a network

Single performance metric can slow all of the others down

I/O bus, CPU speed, storage access speed

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Bandwidth

Amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time

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Throughput

Amount of data successfully transferred through the network

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Latency

Delay between the request and response

Amount of time it takes for data packets to travel from one place to another

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Jitter

Inconsistency in the time it takes for data packets to reach their destination across a network

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Hub

Connects devices in a network

Repeats any data it receives to all devices except the sender

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Bridges

Decides whether or not to forward data

Looks at the destination and source MAC address

Segments LANs into smaller sections

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Switches

Forwards traffic based on data link address

Has a MAC address table that may pair addresses and corresponding ports

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Routers

Connects internal network to outside network

Routes traffic between networks

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Access point

Bridge that extends the wired network onto the wireless network

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Modem

Allows device to connect to the Internet (ISP) through a physical connection

Converts digital to analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines or cable networks

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Media converters

Used to transition from one cable type to another

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Load Balancer

Distributes network traffic across multiple servers

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Proxies

Sits between the users and the external network

Receives the user requests and sends the request on their behalf

Useful for URL filtering, content scanning, access control

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Network Attached Storage (NAS)

Network-connected computer dedicated to providing file-based data storage services to other network devices

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Storage Area Network (SAN)

Dedicated high-speed network consisting of both hardware and software

Used to connect and manage shared storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical storage devices

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Content Delivery Network (CDN)

System of hardware and software

Stores user data in many different geographical locations and makes those data available on demand

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Quality of Service (QoS)

Provide better "priority" service to selected network traffic over various technologies

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Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

A protocol that enables switches to detect and repair bridge loops automatically

Blocking => not forwarding to prevent loop

Listening => not forwarding and cleaning MAC table

Learning => not forwarding and adding to the MAC table

Forwarding => data passes through and is fully operational

Disabled => administrator has turned off the port

Rapid STP (RSTP) => Faster convergence, backwards-compatible

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Jump Box

Acts as a secure gateway through which a user can connect before launching any administrative task or connecting to other servers within the network

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Burned-in Address (BIA)

The 6-byte address assigned by the vendor making the card

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Locally Administered Address (LAA)

MAC address that can be configured on a device

LAA can be used in place of the BIA

Replace a NIC or use a substitute device without changing the address used by the network to access the station

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Broadcast Address

The I/G bit of a MAC address determines whether the frame is addressed to an individual (0) or group (1)

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Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

The largest packet size supported on an interface.

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Protocol Analyzer

Tool that allows the inspection of traffic by a host or passing over a network link

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Packet Sniffer

Software or hardware used to collect data travelling over a network.

Interrogates the frames received by the network adapter

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Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN)

Copies Ethernet frames passing through switch ports and send these frames out to specific port

Monitor communications passing over the switch

Not completely reliable

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Passive Test Access Point (TAP)

Box with ports for incoming and outgoing network

Physically copies the signal from the cabling to a monitor port

No logical decisions

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Active TAP

Powered device that performs signal regeneration

May become a point of failure

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tcpdump

A command-line protocol analyzer

Used to capture packets

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Wireshark

Application that captures and analyzes network packets

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Nmap

A network utility designed to scan a network and create a map

Find devices and identify open ports

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Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Cisco proprietary Layer 2 protocol to gather information about neighboring Cisco devices

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Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)

A protocol that identifies devices connected on the local area network and allows them to automatically exchange information

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ping

A utility that sends an ICMP echo request message to a host

Test reachability

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traceroute

Determine the route a packet takes to a destination

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netstat

A TCP/IP utility that shows the status of each active connection

Display network statistics

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nslookup/dig

Lookup information from DNS servers

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arp

Address Resolution Protocol information

View the local ARP table

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Ethernet Switch Types

Unmanaged => without configuration

Managed => with configuration

Stackable => combined into a single unit

Fixed => set number of ports

Modular => slots for plug-in cards

Desktop => freestanding units

Rack-mounted => designed to fit on standard-sized racks

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MAC Address Table

A switch learns MAC addresses by reading the source address when a frame is received on a port

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Port Aggregation / Link Aggregation

Combining two or more separate cabled links into a single logical channel

Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)

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Port Mirroring

Copies all packets sent to one or more source ports to a mirror (or destination) port

Capture and analyze network traffic

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Jumbo Frames

Supports a data payload of up to 9000 bytes

Reduces the number of frames that need to be transmitted

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Flow Control

Allows a server to instruct the switch to pause traffic temporarily to avoid overwhelming its buffer and causing it to drop frames

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Network Troubleshooting Methodology

1) Identify the Problem

2) Establish a theory of probable cause

3) Test the theory to determine cause

4) Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects

5) Implement the solution or escalate as necessary

6) Verify full system functionality, and if applicable, implement preventive measures

7) Document findings, actions, and outcomes

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Attenuation

Loss of signal strength

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Network Loopback Adapter/Plug

Specially wired RJ-45 plug

Used to test for bad ports and network cards

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LED status indicators

Uses LED lights to indicate proper connection and presence of traffic

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Cable Testers

Reports detailed information on the physical and electrical properties of the cable

Tests cable conditions such as crosstalk, attenuation, noise, resistance, etc

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Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR)

Measure the length of a cable run

Can locate open and short circuits

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Wi-Fi Analyzer

Device or software that can report characteristics of a WLAN, such as signal strength and channel utilization

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Visual Fault Locator (VFL)

Device that shines light down the fiber to help locate broken glas

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Multimeter

A measuring instrument for current, voltage, and resistance

Primarily used to test electrical circuits

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Wire Map Tester

Tool to verify termination/pinouts of cable

Identifies continuity, short, incorrect pin-out or termination, reversed pair, crossed pair, etc

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Tone Generator

Used to trace a cable from one end to the other

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Crosstalk (XT)

Signal on one circuit affects another circuit

Near End (NEXT) => interference at transmitting end

Far End (FEXT) => interference away from the transmitter

Alien (AXT) => interference from other cables

Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio

Difference between insertion loss and NEXT

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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

Used to measure the length of a fiber optic cable run

Able to locate faults

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Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA)

Determine whether cable is suitable for reuse with WDM and which wavelengths will support the link distance required

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Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Mathematical algorithm executed on a data string by both sender and receiver

If the calculated CRC values match, data string was not corrupted during transmission

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Runts

Frames that are less than 64 bytes

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Giants

Frames that are more than 1518 bytes

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Port Status

Administratively down => device admin has intentionally "turned off" an interface

Suspended => configuration is not compatible with the current connection

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IP Address

Unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network

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Default gateway

Allows devices to communicate with the outside world, allows digital traffic to leave the network

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Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

Allows a DHCP client to automatically configure an IP Address and subnet mask when a DHCP server is not available

A link-local address

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Loopback Address

An IP address that indicates your own computer

Used to test TCP/IP configuration on the computer

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Virtual IP addresses (VIP)

Not associated with a physical network adapter

Virtual machine, internal router address

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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

Removed the restrictions created by classful subnet masks

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Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

The capability to specify a different subnet mask for the same Class A, B, or C network number on different subnets

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Performs the task of resolving an IP address to a hardware address

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Subnet addressing

Has three hierarchical levels: network ID, subnet ID, and host ID

Bits from the host portion of the IP address must be allocated as a subnetwork address

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Unicast

A message that is sent from a single sender to a single recipient

One-to-one

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Broadcast

Addressing multiple hosts/everyone

One-to-all

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Multicast

One host sending to other hosts that identify as interested in receiving

One-to-many

Uses class D

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Anycast

An anycast communication flow is a one-to-nearest

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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Used to report errors and send messages about the delivery of a packet

Can also be used to test and troubleshoot connectivity issues on IP networks

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Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)

Part of the IPv6 protocol suite

Used to discover and exchange information about devices on the same subnet

Replaces ARP and ICMP in IPv4