fundementals of the nervous system exam 2
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38 Terms
What are the three main functions of the nervous system
Sensory input, integration, and motor output
What is afferent input
Sensory information carried towards the CNS
What is efferent output
Motor commands carried away from the CNS
What does integration mean in the nervous system
The process of interpreting sensory input and deciding on a response
What does CNS stand for and what does it include
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What does PNS stand for and what does it include
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves
What is somatic sensory information
Sensory input from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
What is visceral sensory information
Sensory input from internal organs
What is somatic motor information
Voluntary motor output to skeletal muscle
What is visceral motor information
Involuntary motor output to smooth/cardiac muscle and glands (autonomic)
What is brachial motor information
Motor output to muscles derived from pharyngeal arches
What is a neuron
A nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses
Name the key structural features of a neuron
Cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminals, myelin sheath
What is the function of dendrites
Receive incoming signals
What is the function of an axon
Conducts impulses away from the cell body
What is a synapse
A junction between two neurons or a neuron and a effector
How are neurons structurally classified
Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
How are neurons functionally classified
Sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) and interneurons
Name the six supporting (neuroglial) cells
Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, satellite cells
What do astrocytes do
Support neurons and maintain the blood brain barrier
What do microglia do
Act as a immune defense in the CNS
What do ependymal cells do
Line brain ventricles and help circulate CSF
What do oligodendrocytes do
Form myelin sheaths in the CNS
What do Schwann cells do
Form myelin sheaths in the PNS
What do satellite cells do
Support neurons in ganglia (PNS)
What is the structure of a myelin sheath
A layers lipid covering that insulates axons and speeds up conduction
What is a nerve
A bundle of axons in the PNS
What are the basic components of a nerve
Axons, endometrium, perineurium, and epineurium
What is a reflex
An autonomic rapid response to a stimulus
What is a monosynaptic reflex
A reflex with one synapse between a sensory and a motor neuron (knee jerk)
What is a polysynaptic reflex
A reflex involving multiple synapse and interneurons
What are the components of a reflex arc
Sensory receptor-sensory neuron - interneuron - motor neuron - effector
How does the reflex arc relate to nervous system organization
It shows the flow from sensory input, to integration, to motor output
What is gray matter in the CNS
Neuron cell body’s, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
What is white matter in the CNS
Myelinated axons that connect different brain regions
What are symptoms of multiple sclerosis
Muscle weakness, vision problems, numbness, and coordination issues
What causes MS
Autoimmune destruction of CNS myelin
How do nervous tissue develop embryologically
It arises from the neural tube and neural crest during embryogenesis