Med Term: Chapter 8.3 Definitions, Abbreviations, and Questions

Diaphragm

The muscular sheet separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Diaphragmatic

Pertaining to the diaphragm

Fissue

Deep furrow or cleft; seam on the lung

Plural form of fissue

fissures

Lobe

Subdivision of an organ or other part

Lobar

pertaining to a lobe

lobectomy

surgical removal of a lobe

mediastinum

Area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, etc.

Mediastinal

Pertaining to the mediastinum

Pleura

Membrane covering the lungs and lining the ribs in the thoracic cavity

Plural form of pleura

pleurae

Pleural

Pertaining to the pleura

Pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

Segment

A section of an organ or structure

What is the rigid tube that descends from the larynx

trachea

What structure does the bronchi originate from

trachea

Function of the bronchi

airways going to the right and left lungs

What are the main organs of respiration located in the thoracic cavity?

lungs

Describe the lungs

• Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organ

• Base (bottom) rests on the diaphragm

• Apex (top) is above and behind the clavicles

• Middle presses against the mediastinum

Describe the right lung

• 3 lobes, 2 fissures

• Superior, Middle, Inferior lobes

Describe the left lung

• 2 lobes, 1 fissure

• Superior, inferior lobes

Describe the tracheobronchial tree

• Made of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes

• Upside-down, tree-like structure

• Conducts air in chest

Describe the subdivisions of the bronchi

• Primary: The main branch off of the trachea that enters the lung

• Secondary (lobar): First division of the bronchi; supplies each lobe

• Tertiary (segmental): Division of the secondary bronchi that supply segments of the lobes

• Subdivisions divide until they are bronchioles, which turn into alveoli

Describe the pleura

• Double-layered serous membrane that covers the surface of both lungs

• Space between, containing lubricant, is called the pleural cavity

• Allows expanding and deflation of the lungs without friction

Bradypnea

Slow breathing

Cyanosis

Blue discoloration of the skin, lips, and nail beds due to low levels or oxygen in the blood

Cyanotic

Pertaining to or marked by cyanosis

Dyspnea

Difficult breathing

Eupnea

Normal breathing

Exhale

Breathe out

Expectorate

Cough up and spit out mucus from the respiratory tract

Hemoptysis

Bloody sputum

Hyperpnea

Deeper, rapid breathing

inhale

breathe in

Phlegm

Abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from the respiratory tract

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing

How many times does a resting adult breathe per minute?

10-15 minutes

How much mL of air do resting adults inhale during inspiration

500

What is the purpose of respiration

Get air in and out of the alveoli for the exchange of O2 and CO2

What does majority of the respiratory work?

Diaphragm

Describe how the diaphragm moves during respiration?

• Flattens and drops during inspiration; expands thoracic cavity and reduces pressure

• Thoracic cavity space decreases during expiration

Describe a cough

• Triggered by irritants in the respiratory tract

EX) cigarette smoke, infection, tumors (lung cancer)

• PRODUCTIVE: Sputum: expectorated or swallowed... thick, yellow characteristics indicate infection

Hemoptysis: bloody sputum

• NONPRODUCTIVE: Dry, hacking cough

Describe dyspnea

Difficulty breathing, due to the muscles only exchanging a small volume of air

Describe cyanosis

Blood is increasingly unoxygenated hemoglobin: is blue in color

Describe sneezing

Caused by irritants in the nasal cavity

Describe hiccups

Reflex spasm of the diaphragm

No specific cause or treatment

Describe yawning

Reflex due to hypoxia, boredom, or sleepiness

Asthma

Episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways

Asthmatic

Pertaining to or suffering from asthma

Auscultation

Diagnostic method of listening to body sounds with a stethoscope

Bronchiectasis

Chronic dilation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi

Bronchoconstriction

Reduction in diameter of a bronchus

Bulla

Bubble-like dilated structure

Plural form of bulla

Bullae

Cystic fibrosis

Genetic disease in which excessive viscid mucus obstructs passages, including bronchi

Emphysema

Dilation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Hypercapnia

Abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream

Hypersecretion

Excessive secretion of mucus (or enzymes or waste products)

Rhonchus

Wheezing sound heard on auscultation of the lungs; made by air passing through a constricted lumen (snoring)

Viscosity

The resistance of a fluid to flow

Viscous

Sticky fluid that is resistant to flow

Describe acute bronchitis

• viral or bacterial infection that leads to excess production of mucus that obstructs airflow

• usually resolves without damage

Describe chronic bronchitis

• Common disease usually caused by cigarette use or constant acute bronchitis

• Cilia get destroyed as a result

• Chronic cough, dyspnea, and heart failure are results

Describe bronchiolitis

• Viral inflammation of bronchioles

• Often the start of complications from cigarette smoking

• Children also susceptible due to very small airways and blocked.

Describe pulmonary emphysema

• Disease of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

• Enlarges the airways, destroys the septa, forms large sacs of air.

• Results in the loss of surface area for gas exchange

Describe Chronic Airway Obstruction/Chronic Obstruction of Pulmonary Disease

• Progressive disease

• Involves bronchitis and emphysema

• Chronic cough and sputum production

• Causes dyspnea

• Cor pulmonale is another result