UofA - Bio 108 Lab Exam

Aseptic Technique

Method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms.

Arabidopsis thaliana

In lab we tested the affects of phosphate on this organism. It is small, requires little space, and is easy to grow.

Ceratopteris sp.

A homosporous fern with two distinct phases to its life cycle. Has a simple haploid gametophyte and complex diploid sporophyte. Its spores germinated into gametophytes.

Compound Microscope

3 lens systems(condenser, objective, ocular).

Calculate magnification of drawing

size of drawing(ruler) / size of object(epu)

Dichotomous key

A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, etc.

Dissecting Microscope

Two eyepieces and two objectives. Provides a 3 dimensional view. Lower magnification level compared to a compound microscope.

Species

Group of organisms capable of interbreeding

Speciation

Event which produces two or more separate species from one lineage.

The 4 mechanisms of evolution

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

Internal node

Point in a phylogenetic tree were a branch splits up

Terminal node

End of the branch

Single-base substitution

When one nucleotide base replaces another

Molecular clock

The number of differences between species can reveal the mutation rate.

Plant systems for acquiring resources

Root(water and nutrients) and shoot(Co2 and light) systems. Shoot system is everything above ground.

Vascular tissue

Complex conducting tissue which runs throughout the entire plant, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components are xylem and phloem.

Function of xylem and phloem

Transport fluid and nutrients internally.

Xylem: Transport water up

Phloem: transport sugars from photosynthesis down

Dermal tissue

outer layer of cells covering plant. Composed of epidermis and the cuticle. May also have trichomes(small hairs)

Ground tissue

Fills space between epidermis and vascular tissue. May contain specialized cells for support, storage, protection, or photosynthesis.

Helianthus sp.

A sunflower seedling

Petiole

Attaches blade of lead to the stem. Point of attachment called node.

Patterns of leaf arrangement.

Alternate(spiral)

Opposite(pairs)

Whorled(3 or more at same node)

Types of leafs

Simple(single leaf)

Compound(divided into leaflets)

Root systems

Radicle/primary( main root sent into ground from which lateral roots branch off)

Taproot system(Primary root is the largest root)

Fibrous( many roots formed)

Syringia sp

Liliac

Hyphae

Tubular, haploid filaments which are the basic building block of fungal bodies

Plasmogamy

Fusion of cytoplasm from two haploid hyphae of opposite mating types

Karyogamy

Fusion of two nuclei

Three stages of fungal sexual reproduction

Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

Basidiomycota

Phylum representing mushrooms

Conidia

Ascomycete mycelia's asexual spores

Conidiophores

Ascomycete mycelia's modified hyphae which store conidia on their tips

Yeast

Unicellular fungus which reproduces asexually by budding

Sarophytic

Fungi which derive energy from their breakdown of organic material.

Symbiotic relationship with plants

Mycorrhiza

Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria and fungi

lichens

Symbiosis

Relationship between organisms of two different species where they live together in direct contact.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi which penetrate the root cells

Ectomycorrhizal mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi which surround the root cells

Ecology

Study of interaction of individuals with their environment

Generalist species

Has a broad range of environmental conditions.

Specialist species

Has a narrow range of environmental conditions.

Artemia franciscana

Commonly known as a brine shrimp. A generalist species whose preference for abiotic conditions was tested in lab with temp, pH, and light.

Chi-square analysis

Statistical test to determine probability that any observed differences in numbers of individuals among sections could be due to a random variation in the data.

Frequency/count data

Data which representing the frequencies or counts of specific events

Invertebrate phyla

Compromises more than 95% of all animal species

Phylum Porifera

Simple body plan, lack tissues

Cnidaria

The hydra. Radial symmetry, have tissue, lack organ systems and coelom

Platyhelmithes(flatworm), mollusca(snail), and annelida(earthworm)

Bilateral symmetry, wide range of body forms, two or more tissue types

Nematoda(vinegar eels) and arthropoda

Bilateral symmetry, shed external covering, large number of species

class insecta: Meal worms and bean beetles

class crustacea: Brine shrimp

Echinodermata and chordata

Deuterostome condition, enterocoelom

Body plan

Set of morphological and developmental traits which characterize the anatomical organisation of an animal.

Body plan parts

Symmetry, tissue number, body cavities, and mode of development.

Tagmata

Repeated units down the length of an organism which are divided into distinct regions specialized for different functions

Metameres

Repeated units down the length of an organism which lack a specific function

Taxes/ taxic responses

Animal response to a stimulus

Describing Cnidaria(hydra)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Diploblastic
-Asexual
-Sting cells

Phylum members
-Jelly fish
-Sea anemones

Symmetry
-Radial

Tissues
-Diploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Acoelomate(none)

Segmentation
-None

Mode of development
-Deuterostomal(anus forms before mouth)

Describing Platyhelminthes(flatworms)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Triploblastic but no body cavity

Phylum members
-Tapeworm
-Flatworm

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Acoelomate(none)

Segmentation
-None

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Describing Mollusca(snail)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Lungs instead of gills
-Shell
-Internal folding system

Phylum members
-Squid
-Octopus

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Coelomate

Segmentation
-None

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Describing Annelida(earthworm)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Sense organs
-Nervous system

Phylum members
-Earthworms

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Coelomate

Segmentation
-Metameric

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Describing Nematoda(vinegar eels)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Cuticle protective layer
-Corckscrew motion

Phylum members
-Vinegar eel

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Psedocoelom

Segmentation
-None

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Describing Arthropoda,insecta(Mealworm)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Exoskeleton
-13 body segments

Phylum members
-Scorpions
-Lobsters

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Coelomate

Segmentation
-Tagmatized

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Describing Arthropoda, artemia(brine shrimp)

Defining traits, phylum members, symmetry, tissues, body cavity, segemntation, mode of development

Defining traits:
-Exoskeleton

Phylum members
-Centipedes
-Millipedes
-Crustaceons

Symmetry
-Bilateral

Tissues
-Triploblastic

Type of body cavity
-Coelomate

Segmentation
-?

Mode of development
-Protosomal

Synapomorphies

Shared derived characteristics

Echinodermata

Phylum of marine invertebrates. Includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, etc. Usually exhibit radial symmetry and a calcareous endoskeleton made up of many small plates

Keystone predators

Predators which keep populations of smaller organisms in check.

Notochord

Longitudinal exoskeletal rod providing strength and elasticity to the body

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A longitudinal, fluid filled nerve cord running along the back of the body just above the notochord

Pharyngeal slits

Lateral openings in the fore-gut. Originally used for filter feeding.

Post-anal tail

A muscular tail that extends past the anal opening

Branchiostoma sp.

A lancelot. An early chordate called a Lancelot that nicely illustrates all chordate characters in its adult form.

Axial skeleton

Skull and vertebrae

Appendicular skeleton

Girdles and appendages

Meiosis

Cell division in which chromosome number is reduced

Iris diaphragm

Adjusts the amount of light passing through the specimen

Condenser lens

Focuses light onto the specimen

Ocular lens

Magnifies image

Objective lenses

Gather light from specimen, magnify image, and project it into the body tube.

Coelomate

Fluid filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall

Parfocal

Remains in focus even when switching between lenses

mm to um conversion

mm x 1000

um to mm conversion

um / 1000

Components of lab drawing

-Details labeled with horizontal lines to right of drawing

-Descriptive caption with object under identifications name included

-Magnification observed

Genetic variation

Source required for each mechanism of evolution to occur

Parsimony

Simplest explanation often the most probable. Trees requiring fewest changes most probable.

Cortex

Tissue region interior to epidermis. May contain cells for starch storage, additional support, or chloroplasts.

Pith

Central part of the stem. Compose of loosely arranged storage cells.

Vascular bundle

Strands of conductive tissue in a circle around the pith. Composed of xylem, next to pith and phloem next to cortex.

Palisade mesophyll

Dense layer of cells on upper surface of the leaf. Primary site of photosynthesis.

Spongy Mesophyll

Photosynthetic cells below palisade layer, fewer chloroplasts, many air spaces.

Stomatal apparatus

Two guards cells and stomatal pore which controls gas exchange

Two sample t test

Determines the probability of any observed differences being a result of natural variation.

Null hypothesis

States that any patterns in data were caused by regular variation seen in nature and not by your experimental treatment.

p-value

Probability your hypothesis is true

a-level

Threshold for statistical signifigance

Point of signifigance

If your p-value is less than or equal to your a-value results are considered to be statistically significant.

Three major types of land plants

Non-vascular, seedless vascular, seeded vascular(gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Alternation of generations

Two distinct phases occur defined by the events of meiosis and fertilization. Typifies land plants

Meiosis in land plants

Production of haploid spores

Sporophyte

Diploid stage of the life cycle. Initiated by the completion of fertilization by the formation of the zygote.