Philosophical Theories on Happiness and Ethics

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from philosophical theories on happiness and ethics discussed in the lecture.

Epicureanism

A philosophy founded by Epicurus that argues pleasure is the primary intrinsic good and the goal of a happy life, focusing on tranquil enjoyment rather than mere physical indulgence.

Ataraxia

A state of serene calmness achieved through the absence of pain and management of desires.

Psychological Hedonism

The view that humans are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Ethical Hedonism

The ethical theory that proposes we ought to seek pleasure and avoid pain, with virtues as means to this end.

Stoicism

A philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium emphasizing virtue and reason as the key to a good life, rejecting pleasure as the main source of happiness.

Logos

The principle of reason in Stoicism, suggesting that nature is a rational, deterministic whole.

Eudaimonia

Aristotle's concept of happiness, which is achieved through virtuous activity in accordance with reason.

The Doctrine of the Mean

Aristotle's concept suggesting that virtue lies in finding a balance between extremes of action and feeling.

Existentialism

A philosophical movement emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, and the creation of one's own meaning in a seemingly absurd world.

The Categorical Imperative

Kant's fundamental principle of ethics that requires actions to be universally applicable as moral laws.

The original position

A hypothetical situation in John Rawls' theory where principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance, ensuring impartiality.

The Difference Principle

Rawls' principle that social and economic inequalities should benefit the least advantaged and be open to all under fair equality of opportunity.