HGAP Vocab Unit 2

age structure

refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

aging population

a population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit of arable land

Anthropocene

period in which human activities have had dominant influence on environment

antinatalist policy

designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

arithmetic (crude) density

average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

Baby Boomers

people born between 1946 and 1964 post WWII; uptick in birth rate

Boserup effect

increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods

brain drain

a phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

brain gain

a phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

carrying capacity

the number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

chain migration

process by which some people's migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

child mortality

deaths of children under five years of age

circulation

short-term and cynical movement that occurs repeatedly on a regular basis

cornucopians or anti-Malthusians

people who disagree with the Malthusian view of population and resources

counterstream

The flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream, from its destination back to the origin

crude birth rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

degenerative disease

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke

demographic equation

method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

demography

The statistical study of population and its change

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

destination

place where a migrant is going

developed (industrialized) country

a country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing (industrializing) country

a country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

diaspora

involuntary mass dispersion of a population from its home territory

doubling time

number of years it takes for a population to double in size

ecumene

the portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement

elderly dependency ratio

number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64) that every 100 working-age people must support

emigrant or out-migrant

a person who leaves their country of origin

emigration or out-migration

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin

epidemiological transition theory (ETT or ETM)

seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

epidemiology

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle

Eurasia

a massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10% of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for 60% of humanity

forced migration

Migration caused by forces out of one's control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects

Generation X

people born between 1965-1980 who are in their prime working years (or retired)

Generation Y

people born between 1981-2000, often referred to as millenials

Generation Z

People born after 2000 (although many analysts include people born after 1995) who make up the kids, tweens, and teens markets.

generations

groups of people who were born around the same time and share common traits due to cultural and societal influences they shared growing up

Great Migration

20th century movement of 6 million African Americans from rural southern states to cities of mid-western and northeaster states

guest worker

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

high birth rate

a crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

human well-being

state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

immigrant or in-migrant

A person who arrives at their destination country

immigration or in-migration

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

internal migration or interregional migration

When people move within the borders of a country

internally displaced person (IDP)

Someone who remains within his or her country's borders despite being persecuted by their home country

international migration

When moves are made across national borders

intervening obstacles

A complication that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

intervening opportunities

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away

life expectancy

the number of years a person can expect to live

low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

Malthusian

A term derived from the name Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist and cleric, to mean either "of or relating to Malthus's theory" or "a follower of Malthus"

mean center of population

The balancing point given the distribution of population

median age

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older

megacity

City with more than 10 million people

metacity

A city with a population over 20 million people

migrant or mover

A person who migrates or moves

migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

migration age profile

The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries

migration stream

The flow of all migrants from an origin to a destination

mobility transition model

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky's conclusion that there are regularities in migration as an essential component of a country's modernization process

neo-Malthusians

People who today subscribe to the Malthusian view of population

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

net migration rate (NMR)

A gauge of the impact of migration on population change, determined by dividing a country's net migration by its total population, then multiplying by 1000

non-migrant or stayers

A person who does not move

origin

A person's location before migration

overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

population clusters

heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

population composition

The makeup of the population by age, sex, ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

population density

average number of people per unit of land area

population distribution

The pattern in which humans are spread out on Earth's surface

population pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure

pronatalist policy

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

pull factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population

refugees

A person who leaves their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion

repatriation

When refugees or displaced persons return to their home country

replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

residential mobility

Moves that occur within a metropolitan area

return migration

Migrants going back, or returning, to their previous place of residence or origin

rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country's rate of natural increase (RNI)

rural-to-urban migration

when people move from the countryside to cities

seasonal migration

migration based on time of year

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

Snow Belt

states located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country

social (upward) mobility

mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy

social networks

People's friends and relatives

spatial mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people's everyday commuting and travels

step (or stepwise) migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places

Sunbelt

States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest

total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be 15-49 years old

transhumance

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures

transitional birth rate

crude birth rate between 20-30 births per 1000 people

transnational migration

When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated