Lecture_11_Expertise_2023

Expertise

Highly skilled performance in one or more task domains.

Problem-Solving

A purposeful, goal-directed process that involves both controlled and automatic processes to find solutions.

Knowledge-Rich Problems

Problems that can only be solved by individuals possessing a considerable amount of specific knowledge.

Knowledge-Lean Problems

Problems that don't require the possession of specific knowledge.

Well-Defined Problems

Problems where all aspects are specified, having an optimal strategy and one right answer.

Ill-Defined Problems

Problems with underspecified goals, lacking a clear solution.

Insight

The sudden restructuring of a problem, often accompanied by an 'ah-ha' experience.

Analogical Problem Solving

Using similarities between the current problem and past problems to find solutions.

Heuristics

Rules of thumb used to simplify decision-making processes, often focusing on short-term goals.

Algorithms

Step-by-step methods or procedures for solving a problem, often used in mathematics.

Means-End Analysis

A problem-solving strategy that involves noting the difference between the current state of the problem and the goal state to form subgoals.

Deliberate Practice

A structured and focused practice method that includes informative feedback and repetition to enhance skills.

Template Theory

A theory suggesting that chess knowledge is stored in large templates that are adaptable and can be accessed rapidly.

Chunking Theory

A theory positing that detailed information about chess positions is stored in long-term memory in manageable units or 'chunks'.

Plasticity

The ability of the brain to change and adapt as a result of experience, which can increase with expertise.

Medical Expertise

The ability to make rapid and accurate diagnoses, often reliant on fast, automatic processes.

Cognitive Psychology

The study of how people think, learn, and remember, focusing on internal mental processes.