slant asymptote
numerator > denominator by exactly 1
horizontal asymptote @ y = b
numerator = denominator
horizontal asymptote @ y = 0
numerator < denominator
hole
multiplicity of factor in numerator ≥ multiplicity of factor in denominator
vertical asymptote
multiplicity of factor in numerator < multiplicity of factor in denominator
decreasing @ decreasing rate
graph decreases with flatter slope
decreasing @ increasing rate
graph decreases with steeper slope
increasing @ decreasing rate
graph increases with flatter slope
increasing @ increasing rate
graph increases with steeper slope
exponent product property
b¹b² = b³
exponent quotient property
b⁶/b⁵ = b¹
exponent power property
(b²)⁷ =b¹⁴
log product property
logₙ(3*2) = logₙ3 + logbₙ2
log quotient property
logₙ(8/4) = logₙ8 - logₙ4
log power property
logₙ(3⁶) = 6logₙ3
a
vertical dilation/amplitude
b
horizontal dilation (by factor of 1/b)
c
horizontal translation by -c units (also called the phase shift)
d
vertical translation by d units
sinusoidal equation
f(x) = a sin (b(x + c)) + d
vertical transformations
outside of the function
horizontal transformations
inside of the function
dilations
multiplicative transformations
translations
additive transformations
on a specified domain, a function f is invertible if
each output value (y) is mapped from a unique input value (x)
unit circle
sin = y
cos = x
tan = y/x
[-1, 1] s
sin(sin⁻¹) = x
[-π/2, π/2]
sin⁻¹(sin x) = x
[-1, 1] c
cos(cos⁻¹) = x
[0, π]
cos⁻¹(cos x) = x
all reals
tan(tan⁻¹) = x
(-π/2, π/2)
tan⁻¹(tan x) = x
double angle formula
sin(2u) = 2(sin u)(cos u)
zero with even multiplicity
bounces off the x-axis at that zero
concave up
differences in outputs increase
concave down
differences in outputs decrease
even function
f(-x) = f(x), symmetric over y-axis
odd function
f(-x) = -f(x), symmetric at origin
polar -> rectangular coordinates
x = rcosθ
y = rsinθ
rectangular -> polar coordinates
x² + y² = r²
tanθ = y/x (x ≠ 0)
rectangular -> polar for quadrants I/IV
θ = tan⁻¹(y/x)
rectangular -> polar for quadrants II/III
θ = π + tan⁻¹(y/x)
rectangular -> polar if x or y = 0
sketch graph to find r
absolute value of complex numbers
|a + bi| = √a² + b²
trig identities #1
sin²x + cos²x = 1
trig identities #2
tan²x + 1 = sec²x
trig identities #3
1 + cot²x = csc²x
sin(α + β)
sinα cosβ + sinβ cosα
cos(α + β)
cosα cosβ - sinα sinβ