anatomy final

cardiovascular, digestive, and endocrine systems

arteries

efferent vessels

veins

afferent vessels

artery

carry blood AWAY from heart

veins

carry blood TOWARDS the heart

capillaries

small thin vessels that connect arteries and veins

pulmonary circuit

carry blood to and from the heart and lungs

systemic circuit

carry blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body

aorta

where does blood leave your heart in systemic circuit

pulmonary trunk

where does blood leave your heart in pulmonary circuit

right atrium

what chamber receives deoxgenated blood from the systemic circuit and squeeze blood to the right ventricle

right ventricle

what chamber receives deoxgenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary arteries

left atrium

chamber that received oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries and squeezes down to the left ventricle

left ventricle

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the aorta and systemic arteries

learn learn learn

diagram

thoracic cavity

what cavity is the heart in

pericardium

serous membrane the lines the pericardial cavity

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

three layers of heart (innermost → outermost)

epicardium

covers outer surface of heart (epithelium and loose connective tissue)

myocardium

muscular layer of heart

endocardium

innermost layer of heart

auricles

deflated atria

sulci

grooves filled w fat (coronary, anterior/posterior interventricular sulci)

base

superior heart - where all major blood vessels come in/leave

apex

anterior point of heart

atrioventricular valves

prevent backflow of blood in ventricles to the atrium

tricuspid valve

right AV valve

bicuspid/mitral valve

left AV right

know this

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

when coronary circulation gets blocked and cardiac muscle cells die

nodal cells

contracting cells that establish a rate of contraction aka pacemakers (ex. SA node and AV node)

conducting cells

relay a contractile stimulus to the myocardium (Ex. bachmann’s, left/right bundles, bundle of his)

bradycardia

condition where heart rate is slower than normal

tachycardia

condition where heart rate is faster than normal

ectopic pacemaker

“out of place” abnormal cells start their own action potentials and clash with SA/AV node

systole

contracting (squeezing blood out of) the chamber

diastole

relaxation (filling up with blood) of chamber

AV valves shutting

“Lubb” sound is “lubb dub” heart beat

Semilunar valves shutting

“dub” sound in “lubb dub” heart beat - aka ventricular diastole

cardiac output (CO)

stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

parasympathetic innervation

lowers HR and SV

sympathetic innervation

raises HR and SV

right atrium → tricuspid → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → aortic arch → systemic arteries → systemic arterioles → systemic capillaries → systemic venules → systemic veins → inferior/superior vena cavas

blood flow order

ingestion, mechanical/chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

digestive functions

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

4 layers of the alimentary canal

peristalsis

waves of muscular contraction to push food through canal

segmentation

churns material aka mechanical mixing

lysozome

enzyme that kills bacteria

3

how many salivary glands?

paritoid, submandibular, sublingual

name three salivary glands

clear fluid high in salivary amylase

what kind of saliva does parotid salivary gland produce?

more viscous cause of mucus

what kind of saliva does submandibular salivary gland produce?

very viscous with alot of mucus

what kind of saliva does sublingual salivary gland produce?

mastication

chewing - first sight of mechanical digestion

deglutition

swallowing

enzymes in salivary glands

first chemical digestion in digestive system?

deciduous teeth

aka baby teeth

chisel/cutting

incisors meant for?

tearing

canines (cuspids) meant for?

grinding

premolars/molars meant for?

vestibule

space between the teeth and the gums?

enamel

What is the tooth covered by above the gums?

cementum

What is the tooth covered by below the gums?

10 inches

length of esophagus?

proteins

what does the stomach mainly digest?

temporary storage of food, mechanical/chemical breakdown, produces intrinsic factor

functions of stomach

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

4 regions of stomach

fundus and body of stomach

parietal cell location

fundus and body of stomach

chief cells location

produce pepsinogen

what do the chief cells produce?

HCl and intrinsic factor

what do the parietal cells produce?

mucus layer, comes from mucosal cells

how does the stomach protect itself and where does it come from?

nutrients

what do small intestines digest?

water

what do large intestines digest?

intestinal glands

where does intestinal hormones come from?

stimulates pancreas to release insulin if chyme has too much glucose

what does GIP do in intestines?

stimulates liver to make bile to reduce hunger feeling and digest fats/proteins

what does CCK do in intestines?

responds to low pH by stimulating bile and sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

what does secretin do in intestines?

stimulates enzyme and acid production if chyme has a lot of large undigested proteins

what does gastrin do?

breaks down fats, neutralizes stomach acid, etc.

what does bile do?

pancreas

where does sodium bicarbonate come from?

neutralize stomach acid

why does sodium bicarbonate do?

liver

where is bile made?

galbladder

where is bile stored?

hepatic, cystic, common

3 ducts for bile

cystic duct

carries bile to the gallbladder

common bile duct

carries bile to the duodenum

common bile duct

where all the bile ducts meet up

circular and longitudinal muscularis externa

what muscles line the alimentary canal

oblique

what extra muscularis externa layer is found in the stomach

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

3 parts of small intestine

10 in

how long is duodenum?

8 ft

how long is jejunum?

12 ft

how long is ileum?

21 ft

how long is small intestine?

duodenum

most enzymatic digestion?

jejunum

most absorption?

CCK

what hormone stimulates bile secretion?

absorption, surface area

function of villi, microvilli, and plicae is?

metabolic regulation, hemotologic regulation, bile production,

4 functions of liver

nasophyrnx, orophryrnx, hypophrynx

three areas of phyrnx