[GEMINI] Global History (2/10 test) Test

What are the approximate dates for the Early Modern Period in Europe?

c. 1450s to c. 1750s

What "universal order" dominated Medieval Europe before the Early Modern transition?

One Church (Catholic) and one universal ruler (Holy Roman Emperor)

Which 1440s invention is credited with ending the Church's monopoly on knowledge?

The Printing Press (Johannes Gutenberg)

How did gunpowder contribute to the decline of Feudalism?

It made armored knights and castle walls obsolete against cannons and muskets

What was the core intellectual movement of the Renaissance?

Humanism

Who is considered the "Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism"?

Francesco Petrarch

What did Renaissance humanists believe was the purpose of education?

To create virtuous citizens capable of participating in public/civic life

How did the Medieval view of humanity differ from the Renaissance view?

Medieval: Humans are sinful/lowly; Renaissance: Humans have beauty, worth, and potential

What does the term "Renaissance" literally mean?

Rebirth (specifically of Classical Greek and Roman culture)

Which 1517 event is traditionally cited as the start of the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther posting the 95 Theses

What was Luther's primary grievance in the 95 Theses?

The sale of indulgences to fund the Church

What does Luther's concept of Sola Fide mean?

Salvation through "Faith Alone" rather than good works

What does Luther's concept of Sola Scriptura mean?

The Bible is the "Scripture Alone" source of authority, not the Pope

Why was Luther more successful than earlier reformers like Jan Hus?

The printing press allowed his ideas to spread faster than they could be suppressed

What nickname was given to Louis XIV to symbolize his central role in France?

The Sun King

What is the "Divine Right of Kings"?

The belief that a monarch's power comes directly from God and they are answerable only to Him

What was the primary political purpose of the Palace of Versailles?

To control and neutralize the power of the nobility

Who was Louis XIV's primary finance minister?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

What economic system did Jean-Baptiste Colbert use to increase French power?

Mercantilism

What 1685 action did Louis XIV take to ensure "one faith" in France?

He revoked the Edict of Nantes (persecuting Huguenots)

What is the difference between the Geocentric and Heliocentric models?

Geocentric: Earth at center; Heliocentric: Sun at center

Which astronomer first proposed the Heliocentric theory in 1543?

Nicolaus Copernicus

Why was Galileo Galilei put on trial by the Catholic Church?

He used a telescope to provide evidence for the Copernican (heliocentric) model

What did Isaac Newton prove with his Law of Universal Gravitation?

That the same physical laws apply to the entire universe (Heavens and Earth)

What is René Descartes' famous phrase regarding the starting point of reason?

"I think, therefore I am" (Cogito, ergo sum)

What is the primary difference between Rationalism and Empiricism?

Rationalism relies on logic/reason (Descartes); Empiricism relies on observation/data (Bacon)

What were the Enlightenment intellectuals commonly called?

Philosophes

Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for the "Separation of Powers"?

Baron de Montesquieu

What was Voltaire's primary contribution to Enlightenment thought?

Advocacy for freedom of speech and religious tolerance

What was the goal of Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia?

To collect all human knowledge and change the "general way of thinking"

What concept did Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce regarding the collective interest of society?

The "General Will"

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)?

Mary Wollstonecraft

How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?

It established that the world is governed by natural laws, which could be applied to society

What was the "middling sort" that emerged in Early Modern cities?

A growing middle class of merchants and craftsmen

How did the "Age of Exploration" change the European view of the world?

It shifted the focus from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic and global trade

What was the "universal ruler" whose power faded during the Early Modern period?

The Holy Roman Emperor

Why is Petrarch called the "Father of Humanism"?

He revived interest in classical Latin manuscripts and the studia humanitatis

In Humanist art, why was the human form depicted with heightened realism?

To emphasize humans as being made in "God's image"

What language did the Church use that Humanists and Reformers began to bypass?

Latin

What did John Tetzel do that particularly enraged Martin Luther?

He sold indulgences with the promise of releasing souls from Purgatory

According to Luther, what is the only source of religious authority?

The Bible (Scripture)

What role did the German princes play in the Reformation's success?

They protected Luther to gain political independence from the Pope and Emperor

How did Louis XIV use "etiquette" as a weapon at Versailles?

He kept nobles busy competing for minor honors to prevent them from seeking real power

What is a "favorable balance of trade" in Mercantilism?

Exporting more goods than you import to accumulate gold

What did Johannes Kepler contribute to the Heliocentric theory?

He proved that planetary orbits are elliptical (ovals), not perfect circles

Why did the Scientific Revolution lead to a conflict with the Church?

It challenged the Church’s traditional interpretation of the Bible regarding the Earth's position

According to John Locke, what are the three "Natural Rights" of man?

Life, Liberty, and Property

How did Montesquieu’s ideas challenge Absolute Monarchy?

By suggesting power should be shared among branches rather than held by one king

What did Mary Wollstonecraft believe was the key to women’s equality?

Education

What was the "Social Contract" according to Enlightenment thinkers?

An agreement between the people and the government to protect rights