UNIT 1

CISM

Crisis/Critical Incident Stress Management

Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM)

is a highly effective and cost-efficient approach to crisis response. Yet it is frequently misrepresented and misunderstood.

comprehensive, integrative, multi-component system for crisis intervention

Seven Core Components of CISM

1. PRE-CRISIS PREPARATION

2. SUPPORT PROGRAMS FOR LARGE-SCALE INCIDENTS, DISASTERS, SCHOOLS, AND COMMUNITIES

3. DEFUSING

4. CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING (CISD)

5. ONE-ON-ONE CRISIS INTERVENTION/COUNSELING

6. FAMILY CRISIS INTERVENTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL CONSULTATION

7. FOLLOW-UP AND REFERRAL

emergency

is a sudden, unexpected event that requires immediate action due to a potential or actual threat to life, health, property, or the environment

TYPES OF EMERGENCY

• Medical

• Trauma

• Environmental

• Disaster-related

• Psychiatric

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

• situations where a person’s health is acutely threatened due to sudden illness or worsening of a chronic condition.

• Often internal and not caused by external trauma

TRAUMA EMERGENCIES

• occur due to physical injuries, often from accidents,falls, or violence. They can involve bones, organs, or soft tissues.

• Prioritize airway, breathing, circulation (ABCs) and control breathing.

ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES

• result from exposure to extreme environmental conditions.

• immediate removal and supportive care are crucial.

DISASTER-RELATED EMERGENCIES

• occur due to large-scale events that affect multiple people and overwhelm resources.

• Often require triage and coordinated emergency response.

PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES

• involve acute mental health crises that can pose danger to the individual or others.

• Safety of the patient and others is the priority.

• May require medications, restraints, or hospitalization depending on severity.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

refers to specialized clothing or equipment worn by healthcare professionals to protect themselves from exposure to infectious agents or hazardous substances during emergencies.

STANDARD PPE

• The basic protective equipment used by healthcare workers to prevent contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions (except sweat), and non-intact skin.

• typically used in routine patient care and for standard precautions.

• patients with no known infectious diseases

COMPONENTS:

• gloves

• surgical mask

• gown

• eye protection (googles)

components of STANDARD PPE

FULL PPE

• Used when there is a higher risk of exposure to infectious agents or body fluids.

• for patients with contagious infections like tuberculosis, influenza, or COVID-19.

COMPONENTS:

• gloves (often double)

• surgical mask/N98 respirator

• long-sleeved gown

• eye protection

• hair cover/cap

• shoe covers

components of FULL PPE

ENHANCED PPE

• The highest level of protection, used when exposure risk is extremely high, such as highly infectious disease or bio contaminant scenarios.

• designed to fully isolate the healthcare worker from infectious agents.

• patients with highly infectious diseases such as Ebola, Lassa Fever, or COVID-19

COMPONENTS:

• respirator

• full-body impermeable suit

• double gloves

• boot/shoe covers

• face shield or full hood with visor

• head covering and neck protection

• sealed gown cuffs and gloves

components of ENHANCED PPE

triage

• Rapidly assess incoming patients to determine the urgency and priority of care

• helps prevent delay in care and ensures critical patients receives immediate attention