Chapter 13: Gauss's Law

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area vector

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a vector with magnitude equal to the surface’s area and direction perpendicular to the area.

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flux

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the volume rate of flow of the liquid through the wire frame.

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area vector

a vector with magnitude equal to the surface’s area and direction perpendicular to the area.

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flux

the volume rate of flow of the liquid through the wire frame.

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Electric flux

is more difficult to conceptualize because the electric field is more abstract than fluid velocity; furthermore, we generally deal with electric flux through imaginary surfaces.

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Definition of Flux

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Definition of Electric Flux

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Gauss’s law

States that the electric flux out of a closed surface equals 1/ε0 times the charge enclosed within the surface.

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Gauss's Law

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Electric field lines

These begin or end only on positive and negative point charges, respectively.

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Insulators

are materials that have no “free” electrons, so the charge is not free to move within them.

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nonconductors

Consequently, all sorts of charge distributions are possible on __; You can put charge wherever you want to and it stays there.

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Conductors

have free electrons, so the charge is free to move within them.

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V = πr²L

volume of a cylinder