apush 8-9

Cold War

two major superpowers competed without direct attacks

Churchill's "Iron Curtain" Speech

Churchill's speech is considered the start of the Cold War

Containment

"Contain" communism

Domino Theory

The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow in a domino effect, leading to a spread of communism across a region.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

US gave Greece & Turkey aid to suppress communism (400mil)

Marshall Plan (1948)

The US provided 12bil+ to Western Europe to suppress communism

Berlin Airlift

Society cut off land access to Berlin (and flew 60 atomic bombers to England), USSR lifted the blockade after 250k flights

GI Bill of Rights

provided benefits for WWII vets (2mil+Gis attended college: 16bil+ in housing/business loans), Excluded minorities

22nd Amendment

Limits U.S. Presidents to two terms in office, or a maximum of ten years if they fulfill an unexpired term.

Korean War

North Korea invaded South Korea, the US assisted South Korea in a "police action", The US bombed North Korea heavily and approached china, and China drove our forces to the 38th parralel, Korea remains divided today

Second Red Scare

Gov't fear that communism permeated society

McCarthyism

Senator Joseph McCarthy led the red scare

Un-American Activities Committee

citizens were forced to testify about their politics

Rosenberg case (1953)

Rosenbergs were executed for leaking nuclear secrets

Lavender Scare

Homosexuals were considered "national security risks" and "communist sympathizers"

Brown v Board of Education

SCOTUS ruled that racially segregating public schools as unconstitutional

Emmett Till

A 14-year-old was murdered in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman

Operation Paperclip

1600+ Nazi scientists were brought to the US

Launch of Sputnik

Formation of NASA

National Defense Education Act

funded schools for STEM and foreign language

Interstate Highway System

authorized 42k miles of interstate; destroyed minority neighbors

Military Industrial Complex

wanted a relationship between military and defense

Suburbanization and White Flight

The migration of white residents from urban areas to suburbs, often in response to the increasing diversity of city populations

Nation of Islam

A religious movement advocating for the rights and upliftment of African Americans, promoting a message of black nationalism and self-sufficiency.

Malcolm X

A prominent civil rights leader known for his advocacy for black empowerment and his critique of racism, who initially supported the Nation of Islam before later embracing a more inclusive approach toward the end of his life.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up a seat (Claudette Colvin did so beforehand), 50k residents boycotted for 381 days, MLK gained national prominence

Ruby Bridges

Bridges was 1 of 6 Black Kids escorted by federal marshals in New Orleans to integrate an all-white school

Little Rock 9

Arkansas National Guard halted integration, 15-year-old Elizabeth Eckford arrived solo

Eisenhower Response LR9

Eisenhower deployed the 101st airborne to enforce the laws

Cuban Revolution (1959)

Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba, Nationalized US industries and allied with the USSR

Bay of Pigs (1961)

CIA-trained Cuban exiles were defeated by Castro

Cuban Missile Crisis & Outcome

The U.S. discovered USSR nuclear missile sites in Cuba, JFK blockaded and threatened nuclear war, USSR agreed to remove missiles from Cuba if the US promised not to invade and to remove its missiles from Turkey

Berlin Wall (1961)

East Germany built a wall to prevent people from fleeing to West Berlin

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Supreme Court decision against school-sponsored prayer in public schools.

JFK Assassination (1963)

President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Martin Luther King Jr. to advance civil rights.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in the civil rights movement.

Rosa Parks; Montgomery Bus Boycott

Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat sparked a year-long boycott against segregated buses.

Sit-ins

Nonviolent protests where participants sit in segregated areas and refuse to leave.

Freedom Riders

Activists riding interstate buses to challenge segregation in the South.

MLK Jr.; March on Washington

Martin Luther King Jr. led the march advocating for civil and economic rights, famous for 'I Have a Dream' speech.

Birmingham Campaign

A series of nonviolent protests against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama.

March on Washington

A significant event in 1963 that mobilized thousands for civil rights.

Selma Campaign

Protest marches from Selma to Montgomery advocating for voting rights.

Watts Uprising (1965)

Riots in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles following police brutality.

1968 King assassination riots

Uprisings across the country after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

Ruby Bridges

First African American child to integrate an all-white elementary school in New Orleans.

Civil Rights Legislation

Laws aimed at eliminating discrimination and promoting equal rights.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

This landmark legislation prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

This law aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans.

Fair Housing Act (1968)

Law prohibiting discrimination in housing.

The Great Society

A set of domestic programs launched by President Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

Vietnam War

Military conflict in Vietnam involving North vs. South Vietnam, including US intervention.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam, known for his communist ideology.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Congressional resolution giving President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to use military force in Vietnam.

Search and Destroy

Military strategy used during the Vietnam War to locate and eliminate enemy forces.

Operation Rolling Thunder

Sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam by the U.S.

Tet Offensive (1968)

Major offensive by North Vietnamese forces marking a turning point in the Vietnam War.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

The mass killing of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops during the Vietnam War.

Agent Orange and napalm

Herbicides and incendiary weapons used in Vietnam, causing long-term health effects.

Anti-war Movement

Social movement opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society, an anti-war organization founded in the 1960s.

Kent State shootings (1970)

Shooting of university students protesting the Vietnam War by the National Guard.

Black Power Movement

This movement emphasized racial pride and encouraged political and social independence for Black Americans.

Formation of the Black Panther Party

Established in 1966 to monitor police behavior and provide social programs for African Americans.

Huey P. Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, known for advocating for self-defense against police brutality.

Bobby Seale

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, noted for activism and promoting community programs.

Angela Davis

Activist and scholar associated with the Black Panther Party and civil rights efforts.

Fred Hampton assassination

Killing of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton by the Chicago police in 1969.

Chicano Movement

Movement advocating for the rights and culture of Mexican Americans.

Cesar Chavez

Labor leader and civil rights activist, co-founded the United Farm Workers union.

Second Wave Feminism

The feminist movement focused on issues such as equality in the workplace and reproductive rights during the 1960s and 70s.

The Feminine Mystique

Book by Betty Friedan, which criticized the domestic roles of women in society.

Wade (1973)

Landmark Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the U.S.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment aiming to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.

Gay Liberation

Movement advocating for the rights and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals.

Stonewall Uprising (1969)

A series of riots against police raids at the Stonewall Inn in NYC, marking a significant event in LGBTQ+ history.

Marsha P. Johnson

Prominent LGBTQ+ activist known for her role in the Stonewall Uprising and advocacy for trans rights.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Native American advocacy group focused on issues such as sovereignty and justice.

Takeover of Wounded Knee (1973)

AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest government treatment of Native Americans.

Asian American Movement

Movement advocating for the rights and recognition of Asian Americans.

Nuyorican Movement

Cultural and artistic expression rooted in Puerto Rican identity and experience in New York City.

Environmental Movement

Advocacy aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainability.

Clean Air Act

Legislation aimed at controlling air pollution and improving air quality.

Clean Water Act

Federal law governing water pollution in the United States.

Endangered Species Acts

Laws aimed at protecting threatened and endangered species.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

U.S. government agency tasked with environmental protection and regulation.

Disability Rights Movement

Movement advocating for the rights and inclusion of people with disabilities.

Détente

Easing of strained relations, particularly between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War.

Watergate; Nixon's resignation

Political scandal leading to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974.

Camp David Accords

Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Carter in 1978.

Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979)

444-day crisis where 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage in Iran.

Ronald Reagan and Conservatism/Christian Right

This era was marked by Reagan's policies and the rise of conservative movements.

Supply-side economics (trickle down)

Economic theory favoring tax cuts for the rich to stimulate investment and growth.

AIDS/HIV Pandemic

A global health crisis starting in the 1980s, severely impacting LGBTQ and BIPOC communities due to neglect.

Fall of the Soviet Influence

Decline of Soviet power leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

The 1979 invasion aimed at supporting a communist government but resulted in prolonged conflict.

German Reunification (1990)

Process of uniting West and East Germany after the Cold War.

Soviet Union collapse (1991)

Dissolution of the Soviet Union, leading to independence for many former republics.

Domestic Turmoil

Period marked by various social upheavals and crises in the U.S.