M1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology

Anatomy

The science of body structures and the relationships among them.

Physiology

The science of body functions—how the body parts work.

• Foundation for Medical and Health Professions

• Research Advancements

• Educational Foundation

• Understanding Disease Processes (Pathophysiology)

• Treatment Strategies

Importance of Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology

• Ancient Egypt (3000-2500 BCE)

• Ancient Greece (5th-4th century BCE)

• Alexandrian Era (3rd century BCE)

• Renaissance (14th-17th century)

• Development of Microscopy (17th century)

• Modern Era (19th-20th century)

• Digital Anatomy and Imaging (late 20th century-present)

• Genomics and Molecular Anatomy (21st century)

Anatomical Milestones

Ancient Egypt (3000-2500 BCE)

Egyptians practice mummification though embalming and preservation techniques.

Ancient Greece (5th-4th century BCE)

Hippocrates and his followers contribution though dissection and observation.

Alexandrian Era (3rd century BCE)

Herophilus and Erasistratus conducted dissections of human cadavers, providing detailed anatomical descriptions.

Renaissance (14th-17th century)

Andreas Vesalius’ publication of “De humani corporis fabrica” introduced detailed anatomical illustrations based on human dissections.

Development of Microscopy (17th century)

Invention and improvement of microscopes by Leeuwenhoek and Hooke allowed study of cells, tissues expanding knowledge in anatomy.

Modern Era (19th-20th century)

Modern medical education and standardized anatomical terminology by anatomists like Henry Gray facilitated global understanding.

Digital Anatomy and Imaging (late 20th century-present)

Advancements in imaging technologies (MRI, CT scans, and 3D modeling) allow noninvasive visualization of internal structures.

Genomics and Molecular Anatomy (21st century)

Integration of genomics and molecular biology with anatomy provide insights in genetic influence.

The subject stands:

• Erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward.

• Lower limbs are parallel and feet are flat on the floor and directed forward.

• Upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

Anatomical Position

• Supine

• Prone

Terms for a Reclining Body

Supine

On back

Prone

On front

• Superior

• Inferior

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Medial

• Lateral

• Intermediate

• Ipsilateral

• Contralateral

• Proximal

• Distal

• Superficial

• Deep

Anatomical Position: Directional Terms

Superior

Towards the head, or the upper part of a structure.

Inferior

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.

Anterior

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

Posterior

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

Medial

Nearer to the midline.

Lateral

Farther from the midline.

Midline

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides.

Intermediate

Between two structures.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure.

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

Proximal

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body.

Deep

Away from the surface of the body.