Lecture Study Guide_ Microbial Genetics I

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45 Terms

1
What is a Genome?
The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
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2
Define a Gene.
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein.
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3
What is a Gene product?
The protein or RNA molecule that is produced as a result of gene expression.
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4
What does the Central dogma describe?
The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
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5
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix formed by two strands of nucleotides held together by base pairs.
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6
What are the base pairing rules in DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).
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7
What is the structure of RNA?
A single-stranded molecule made up of nucleotides, with ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.
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8
How do RNA and DNA differ?
RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and has uracil; DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, and has thymine.
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9
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
To create an identical copy of the DNA for cell division.
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10
How do DNA replication and Transcription differ?
DNA replication copies the entire genome, while transcription synthesizes RNA from a specific gene.
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11
What are the three types of RNA and their functions?
mRNA (carries genetic information), tRNA (transfers amino acids), rRNA (makes up the ribosome).
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12
Why can transcription and translation occur simultaneously in prokaryotes?
Because prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane, allowing RNA to be translated while it is still being transcribed.
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13
Why is DNA replication considered semi-conservative?
Because each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
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14
What is the purpose of DNA replication?
To ensure that each new cell receives an exact copy of the DNA.
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15
What is the product of DNA replication?
Two identical DNA molecules.
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16
What is the function of Helicase?
To unwind the DNA double helix at the replication fork.
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17
What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?
To synthesize RNA from the DNA template.
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18
What is the function of DNA polymerase I?
To remove RNA primers and replace them with DNA during replication.
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19
What is the replication fork?
The area where the double helix is unwound and replication occurs.
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20
What is the leading strand?
The strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork.
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21
What is the lagging strand?
The strand of DNA that is synthesized discontinuously in short sections (Okazaki fragments) opposite the direction of the replication fork.
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22
What are Okazaki fragments?
Short sequences of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
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23
What enzyme closes the gaps between Okazaki fragments?
DNA ligase.
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24
In which direction does DNA replicate?
DNA replicates in the 5' to 3' direction.
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25
What is the purpose of Transcription?
To synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
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26
What is the product of Transcription?
mRNA, which carries the genetic information from DNA.
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27
What components are needed for Transcription?
Promoter, RNA polymerase, and terminator.
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28
What are the RNA base pairing rules during Transcription?
Adenine pairs with Uracil (A-U) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).
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29
What is the purpose of Translation?
To synthesize proteins based on the sequence of mRNA.
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30
What is the product of Translation?
A formed polypeptide or protein.
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31
What components are needed for Translation?
mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, and amino acids.
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32
Which part of the ribosome binds to mRNA first?
The small ribosomal subunit.
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33
What does the ribosomal small subunit search for to initiate Translation?
The start codon (AUG) on the mRNA.
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34
What part of the ribosome binds second and what is its purpose?
The large ribosomal subunit, which provides the catalytic site for peptide bond formation.
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35
What is a codon?
A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that encodes a specific amino acid.
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36
What is an anticodon?
A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.
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37
Why is the genetic code referred to as degenerate?
Because multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, providing redundancy.
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38
How does the degenerate code help the cell?
It offers some protection against mutations, as changes in the DNA may not affect the protein.
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39
What are the sites on the ribosome?
A-site (acceptor), P-site (peptidyl), and E-site (exit).
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40
Where does the first codon attach on the ribosome?
The P-site.
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41
Where do the rest of the polypeptide attach on the ribosome?
The A-site.
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42
What is f-Met (N-formyl methionine)?
The first amino acid incorporated into a new polypeptide in prokaryotes, coded by AUG.
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43
What else does AUG code for?
Methionine in eukaryotes.
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44
How are f-met and methionine different?
f-Met is modified with a formyl group, while methionine is not.
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45
What is a stop codon?
A codon that signals the termination of translation, leading to the release of the newly synthesized protein.
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