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Gene Expression
The process by which a gene is used to make a functional product, often a protein.
Transcription
The process of copying a gene's DNA sequence to produce mRNA.
Translation
The process of converting the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain, which folds into a protein.
Gene Regulation
The control of the timing and amount of gene expression, determining whether a gene is expressed or not.
Transcription Factors
Proteins that help regulate the transcription of specific genes by binding to nearby DNA.
Operon
A cluster of functionally related genes under the control of a single promoter, commonly found in prokaryotic cells.
Lac Operon
A well-studied operon that regulates the expression of genes involved in lactose metabolism in bacteria.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 (eIF-2)
A protein that assists in the initiation of translation in eukaryotic cells.
Introns
Non-coding segments of RNA that are removed during mRNA processing.
Exons
Coding segments of RNA that remain after introns are removed and are expressed.
Methylation
A chemical modification of DNA that can affect gene expression by altering DNA packaging.
Post-Transcriptional Regulation
Regulation that occurs after transcription but before translation, including mRNA processing.
Post-Translation Regulation
Regulation that occurs after translation, which may affect the function and location of proteins.
Ubiquitin
A small protein that tags other proteins for degradation.
Environmental Factors
External conditions that can influence gene expression and regulation.
Cancer Cells
Cells that have mutations leading to dysregulated gene expression, potentially contributing to uncontrolled growth.
Note 
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