motor speech midterm

An individual must integrate three activities in order to produce typical speech. the major two activities of the three are ________ and ________

Motor speech programming

Neuromuscular execution

Which statement below is FALSE: 

physiologic methods such as electromyography are not critical for determining the relationship between pathophysiology and the acoustic and perceptual attributes of motor speech disorders. 

The ______ gyrus is a prominent bulge in the front of the central fissure of Rolando and makes up the majority of the primary motor cortex 

Precentral

Darley, aronson, and brown and (DAB) developed the six major types of dysarthria based on perceptual methods 

true

Which statement is true below:

all of the above

Responsible for the somosthetic sensation for the contralateral side of the body. 

primary sensory cortex

Responsible for the initiation and integration of purposeful behavior. 

frontal Association area

responsible for the discrimination and integration of tactile information 

parietal Association area 

responsible for the discrimination and integration of auditory information and for many language processes 

temporal Association area 

responsible for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body 

primary motor cortex 

gross perception of pain, temperature, and light touch are not the exclusive responsibility of this strip of the cortex 

primary sensory cortex 

This part of the brain ______ acts as a receiving station for relaying information, transmitting motor info to the muscles & receiving sensory info for higher processing in the brain 

Thalamus 

Damage to this part of the brain can result in involuntary movements (Tremors) & abnormal posture and muscle tone 

basal ganglia 

this part of the brain __________ assists in coordinating the extremely rapid and precise movements needed in normal articulation of speech. 

cerebellum

this part of the brain ________ does not initiate movements, but coordinates and modulates movements initiated elsewhere. 

cerebellum

_________ integrates the output from cerebral motor control centers with feedback from muscles and the vestibular system to coordinate volitional movements and regulate autonomic postural adjustments that accompany movement 

cerebellum

This part of the brain contains the Center for Eye movements and postural reflexes. 

midbrain

this part of the brain ________ contains ascending and descending tracts plus the nuclei of several of the nerves that control phonation, VP closure, swallowing, and articulation. 

medulla

this part of the brain _______ contains nuclei concerned with Hearing and Balance; bridge to the cerebellum 

pons

The cerebellum revises the transmission from the cortex’s _______ to produce accurate, precise movements. 

precentral gyrus

_______ projection fibers known as ________ carry command and control signals from the brain to muscles and glands and progress downward through the brain whereas ________ known as ________ carry sensory information from receptors in the periphery to the brain. They progress from the muscles upward to the brain. choose all that apply! 

motor, descending, sensory, ascending. 

efferent, descending, afferent, ascending. 

_________ is a bundle of nerves that originates in the primary motor cortex and travels uninterrupted to the spinal cord, crossing to the other side of the body in the ________

pyramidal system, brain stem. 

Lower motor neurons are part of the __________ nervous system. the cell body is in the ________ or ________. 

PNS, brain stem, spinal cord. 

Injuries to the lower motor neurons may cause (choose all that apply )

paralysis 

diminution of reflexes 

loss of muscle tone 

Upper motor neurons are part of the __________. the cell body is in or just below the _____________. 

cns, cerebral cortex.

Injuries to the upper motor neuron may cause (choose all that apply)

hyperactivity 

paralysis 

exaggeration of normal reflexes 

appearance of pathological primitive reflexes 

__________ complements the pyramidal system tract by smoothing and coordinating movement. 

extrapyramidal system 

___________ contains the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and some parts of the autonomic nervous system. 

PNS

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ___________ while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______________. they are both part of the _________.

fight / flight, conserve energy, ANS. 

__________ enter and exit through the Bony spinal column. Many are important for innervating the muscles necessary for breathing. 

spinal nerves 

Which of the following is a formal assessment for dysarthria? choose all that apply. 

Frenchay Dysarthria assessment - 2 

Assessment of the intelligibility of dysarthric speech (AIDS) 

Which of the following are considered major components of a motor speech examination? choose all that apply. 

Strength

Speed

Range

Steadiness

Tone

Accuracy

medical history - vitamin C and D 

neuroimaging findings such as CT scanner MRI 

Which dysarthrias have distorted vowels? choose all that apply.

spastic

ataxic

hyperkinetic

Which dysarthrias are likely to include respiratory weakness (actual muscle weakness )? choose all that apply. 

flaccid

spastic

hypokinetic

Which dysarthrias are likely to include prolonged phonemes? choose all that apply. 

ataxic

hyperkinetic

which dysarthrias may have phonatory stenosis / narrow glottis? choose all that apply. 

spastic

hyperkinetic

__________ dysarthria is produced by damage to cranial or spinal nerves. 

flaccid

Repetitive reflex contraction that results from a muscle being under constant contraction = __________. 

clonus

An extremity that is allowed to swing freely and exhibit a greater number of oscillations before coming to rest: 

pendulousness

Fred was hit in the head. with resultant upper motor neuron involvement. He presents with strained strangled voice quality, hypernasality, slow rate of speech, short phrases, mono pitch, mono loudness, and imprecise consonants and distorted vowels. What kind of dysarthria does Fred have? 

spastic

Agnes had a brain stem stroke. Her speech was characterized by breathy and harsh vocal quality with hypernasality, nasal emission, imprecise consonants, short phrases, monopitch and monoloudness. What kind of dysarthria does she have? 

flaccid

Mary complained of a weak voice and stated that she sounds like she is “stuttering at times”. She presents with hoarseness, breathiness, tremulousness, dysphonia (aphonic, whispered quality), inappropriate silences, variable rate, short phrases and imprecise consonants. What kind of dysarthria does she have? 

hypokinetic

Lucy presents with articulatory inaccuracy represented by imprecise consonants, irregular articulatory breakdowns, irregular AMRs, distorted vowels, prosodic excess, prolonged phonemes, prolonged intervals, slow rate, and phonatory-prosodic insufficiency characterized by harshness, mono pitch, and mono loudness. What kind of motor speech disorder does she present with?

ataxic

Speech complaints and specific deviant speech characteristics are quite variable and depend on the type of involuntary movement and the specific levels of the speech mechanism involved. we are referring to __________ dysarthria.

hyperkinetic

Facial masking, tremulousness of Oral Facial structures, reduced range of movement on non-speech alternative motion rate (AMR) tasks is common in _________ dysarthria 

hypokinetic

Increase jaw, face and lingual movements are frequently present in __________ dysarthria 

ataxic

Hypotonia and hypoactive gag reflex are more common in this type of dysarthria 

flaccid

A hyperactive gag reflex and pathologic oral reflexes are common in this type of motor speech disorder 

spastic

_______dysarthria is the only type of dysarthria that may exhibit a rapid or accelerated speech rate. 

hypokinetic

Combination of slow rate, slow and regular speech AMRs (DDK rates) and a strained voice quality represent the “classic” speech pattern of __________ dysarthria 

spastic

Continuous breathiness, Audible inspiration, and short phrases due to vocal fold or laryngeal respiratory weakness are distinguishable characteristics in _________ dysarthria 

flaccid

Me presented with pseudobulbar-LIKE SYMPTOMS and pathological oral reflexes. she was diagnosed with _________ dysarthria 

spastic

Upper Motor neuron involvement involves:

central nervous system

lower Motor neuron involvement refers to the following: 

peripheral and spinal nerve systems

Flaccid dysarthria is caused by damage to this location and results in:

motor unit of the final common pathway; weakness, hypotonia. 

Lesions in the basal ganglia control circuit can result in the following (choose all that apply): 

hyperkinetic dysarthria

hypokinetic dysarthria 

Provide Four possible motor speech impairment etiologies (hint: vitamin C&D)

1. vascular diseases 

2. infectious diseases 

3. metabolic or toxic 

4. degenerative diseases

Presented with a slow speaking rate and excess and equal strength but not a strained vocal quality. he probably has ___________ dysarthria.

ataxic

Brain stimulation (DBS) delivers electrical stimulation to targeted areas of the brain that controls movement. 

true

Most of the dysarthrias present with abnormalities of movement at only one level 

false

ALS results in damage to the upper and lower motor neuron system and results in flaccid disorder. 

false

Avril has a history of multiple sclerosis. he probably presents with ________ dysarthria 

mixed

Hyperkinetic dysarthria presents with variable deviance speech characteristics and is considered a plural disorder 

true

one thing you learned in class not covered on test

reflexes provide clues about the presence of neuropathology as well as the presence or localizations of either CNS or PNS involvement