history exam #2

Romanticism

The cultural side of political liberalism emphasized individualism, emotion, and heroism. Hegel, a key German Romantic philosopher, saw the nation-state as ideal for protecting individual liberties.

Liberalism

A political and economic belief system advocating minimal government interference in the economy. In the early 19th century, it was the bourgeoisie’s ideology.

New Imperialism

Late 19th-century imperialism aimed not just for economic gain but for national survival, driven by the flawed Social Darwinist idea of survival of the fittest.

Reactionary Conservatism

Opposition to change and the desire to revert to past political and social norms. In the first half of the nineteenth century, guided by Klemens von Metternich

The Eastern Question

The question of what would happen to the European balance of power when the Ottoman Empire collapsed. An important long-term cause of WWI.

Hegelianism

This theory argues that historical progress results from the inevitable clash between old ideas (“thesis”) and new ideas (“antithesis”), producing a new set of conditions called the “synthesis.” According to Hegel, this cycle continues until the creation of the nation-state

Militarism

A belief in the necessity and desirability of having a large modern military. In the pre-WWI period, driven by imperialism and Social Darwinism, militarism led to a major arms race, helping to ensure the destructiveness of WWI

industrial revolution

A period of major economic and social change that began in Great Britain in the 18th century

Unification of Germany

The process of combining many independent German states into a single nation state

Unification of Italy

was dependent on european acquiescense. it indicates a general acceptance of romantic nationalist ideology

karl marx/marxism

Communist Manifesto (1848)

•Capital (1867)

a social, political, and economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, centered on the idea of class struggle and the eventual establishment of a classless, communist society through revolution.

Modern nationalism

A form of nationalism based on citizens sharing a common cultural identity.