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Sharecropping
A system where landowners provided land, tools, and housing to farmers in exchange for a portion of the crop.
Jim Crow laws
State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
Segregation
The separation of races in public spaces, schools, and housing.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
A Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'
Booker T. Washington
An African American leader who advocated for vocational and industrial education as a means for Black progress.
Tuskegee Institute
A vocational school founded by Booker T. Washington to educate African Americans.
W.E.B. Du Bois
A civil rights leader who opposed Booker T. Washington and advocated for immediate equality and higher education for African Americans.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an organization fighting for African American civil rights.
Ida B. Wells
A journalist and anti-lynching activist known for exposing the horrors of lynching.
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish immigrant who built a steel empire and became one of the richest men in the U.S.
Steel
A key industry in the Industrial Revolution, crucial for construction and manufacturing.
Vertical Integration
A business model where a company controls every step of production from raw materials to finished goods.
Horizontal Integration
The process of merging with competitors to monopolize an industry.
Monopoly
A market structure where one company dominates an entire industry.
John D. Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil, one of the most powerful monopolies in U.S. history.
Standard Oil
Rockefeller’s oil company that controlled 90% of U.S. refineries and pipelines.
Interstate Commerce Commission
A regulatory agency created to monitor railroads and prevent unfair business practices.
Sherman Antitrust Act
A law passed in 1890 to break up monopolies and prevent anti-competitive practices.
U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)
A Supreme Court case that limited the effectiveness of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Gospel of Wealth
A philosophy that wealthy individuals should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.
Great Railroad Strike (1877)
A nationwide strike protesting wage cuts in the railroad industry.
Knights of Labor
An early national labor organization advocating for workers' rights and economic reforms.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
A labor union focusing on specific economic gains for workers.
Pinkerton Detective Agency
A private security firm used by companies to break strikes and gather intelligence on workers.
Chicago Strike (1886)
Also known as the Haymarket Riot, it was a labor protest that turned violent.
Pullman Strike (1894)
A nationwide railroad strike against wage cuts that led to federal intervention.
Eugene V. Debs
A socialist leader and labor organizer involved in the Pullman Strike.
Tenement Buildings
Poorly constructed apartments that housed many immigrants in cities.
Jane Addams
A social reformer who founded Hull House to help immigrants and the poor.
Nativism
A movement that sought to limit immigration and preserve U.S. culture.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the strong survive, often used to justify social inequality.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
A law that prohibited Chinese immigration and citizenship.
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)
A law that established merit-based hiring for federal jobs.
Coxey’s Army
A protest march in 1894 by unemployed workers demanding government jobs.
Homestead Act (1862)
Legislation giving land to settlers who would farm it for five years.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railway connecting the East and West of the United States.
Frederick Jackson Turner
Historian who argued that the American character was shaped by the frontier experience.
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.
Wounded Knee
A massacre of hundreds of Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers in 1890, marking the end of armed resistance.
Chief Joseph
Leader of the Nez Perce who resisted U.S. forces and led his people in a retreat.
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