History Unit 6 Tesst

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40 Terms

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Sharecropping

A system where landowners provided land, tools, and housing to farmers in exchange for a portion of the crop.

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Jim Crow laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Segregation

The separation of races in public spaces, schools, and housing.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'

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Booker T. Washington

An African American leader who advocated for vocational and industrial education as a means for Black progress.

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Tuskegee Institute

A vocational school founded by Booker T. Washington to educate African Americans.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

A civil rights leader who opposed Booker T. Washington and advocated for immediate equality and higher education for African Americans.

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NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; an organization fighting for African American civil rights.

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Ida B. Wells

A journalist and anti-lynching activist known for exposing the horrors of lynching.

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Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who built a steel empire and became one of the richest men in the U.S.

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Steel

A key industry in the Industrial Revolution, crucial for construction and manufacturing.

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Vertical Integration

A business model where a company controls every step of production from raw materials to finished goods.

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Horizontal Integration

The process of merging with competitors to monopolize an industry.

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Monopoly

A market structure where one company dominates an entire industry.

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John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil, one of the most powerful monopolies in U.S. history.

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Standard Oil

Rockefeller’s oil company that controlled 90% of U.S. refineries and pipelines.

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Interstate Commerce Commission

A regulatory agency created to monitor railroads and prevent unfair business practices.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

A law passed in 1890 to break up monopolies and prevent anti-competitive practices.

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U.S. v. E.C. Knight (1895)

A Supreme Court case that limited the effectiveness of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

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Gospel of Wealth

A philosophy that wealthy individuals should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.

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Great Railroad Strike (1877)

A nationwide strike protesting wage cuts in the railroad industry.

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Knights of Labor

An early national labor organization advocating for workers' rights and economic reforms.

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American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A labor union focusing on specific economic gains for workers.

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Pinkerton Detective Agency

A private security firm used by companies to break strikes and gather intelligence on workers.

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Chicago Strike (1886)

Also known as the Haymarket Riot, it was a labor protest that turned violent.

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Pullman Strike (1894)

A nationwide railroad strike against wage cuts that led to federal intervention.

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Eugene V. Debs

A socialist leader and labor organizer involved in the Pullman Strike.

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Tenement Buildings

Poorly constructed apartments that housed many immigrants in cities.

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Jane Addams

A social reformer who founded Hull House to help immigrants and the poor.

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Nativism

A movement that sought to limit immigration and preserve U.S. culture.

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Social Darwinism

The belief that only the strong survive, often used to justify social inequality.

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A law that prohibited Chinese immigration and citizenship.

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)

A law that established merit-based hiring for federal jobs.

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Coxey’s Army

A protest march in 1894 by unemployed workers demanding government jobs.

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Homestead Act (1862)

Legislation giving land to settlers who would farm it for five years.

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Transcontinental Railroad

A railway connecting the East and West of the United States.

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Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian who argued that the American character was shaped by the frontier experience.

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Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots.

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Wounded Knee

A massacre of hundreds of Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers in 1890, marking the end of armed resistance.

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Chief Joseph

Leader of the Nez Perce who resisted U.S. forces and led his people in a retreat.