criminology test 2

Symbolic Interaction

A sociological perspective that focuses on the study of how individuals create and interpret symbols to develop shared meanings and construct their social reality.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is a social process theory?

Edwin Sutherland.

Differential association theory was developed by:

Indirect control

__________ occurs when individuals have something valuable, such as a relationship or job, that they do not wish to risk losing by engaging in crime.

Exposure to different people and values

In social learning theory, what produces initial behaviors, whether delinquent or nondelinquent?

Proper parenting

In claiming that low self-control is the source of all criminal behavior, Gottfredson and Hirschi source self-control as the product of which of the following?

Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory

This theory, developed by Ronald Akers in the 1970s, seeks to explain how individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others and how they are reinforced or punished for their actions.

Ronald L. Akers.

__________ was a criminologist who is known for his work in the area of social learning theory. He developed and expanded upon Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory.

Social Control Theory

A group of criminological theories that focus on the mechanisms and processes by which societies regulate and control individual behavior to prevent deviance and criminality.

Social learning

__________ theories focus on adequate socialization toward incorrect norms and values.

All of these are correct.

The labeling perspective is built around which of the following themes?

All of these

The Rescue Me Project || The Identity of The J.U.M.P! provides which of the following services:

Association with delinquent peers

What is the most common measure of social learning theory?

All of the choices are correct.

What are "definitions" in differential association theory?

An excess of definitions favorable to violating the law

According to differential association theory, what causes a person to become delinquent?

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a type of informal control?

John Braithwaite.

Reintegrative shaming is a concept developed by this Australian criminologist

Some people, such as parents and close friends, are more important than others.

As in differential association theory, what does Akers's social learning theory assume?

Inadequate socialization leads to criminal behavior.

What do informal social control theories suggest?

crime was learned, not inherited.

Sutherland differed from the Chicago School by arguing that:

Convict Criminology

__________ challenges traditional criminological theories and perspectives that often neglect or marginalize the voices of those who have been directly affected by the criminal justice system.

Peacemaking Criminology

__________ is an approach seeks to challenge punitive models of justice and focuses on healing, reconciliation, and community-based responses to crime.

Conflict Perspective

A theoretical framework in criminology that views crime and the criminal justice system as products of social conflicts and power struggles within society.

Crimes of the poor

Radical criminologists point out that most mainstream criminological theories focus on which of the following?

Serving the interests of the powerful

Critical criminology sees the criminal justice system as which of the following?

Radical Criminology

__________ emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as a response to the limitations of traditional criminological theories, particularly those that ignored the role of power dynamics and social inequalities in shaping criminal behavior and the criminal justice system.

Acts of survival

What does Quinney consider most crimes committed by the lower class to be?

Restorative Practice

According to Katy Hutchison, this model promotes problem solving in our communities, in our places of work, and in our educational system.

Creating a more equitable society

What do critical criminologists believe is the solution to crime?

Crime is socially constructed.

Which of the following ideas does critical criminology share with labeling theory?

reflects changing economic conditions.

Marxist criminologists argue that the form of punishment used in society:

Radical theories

Which theory or theories would call attention to white-collar, government, and corporate crime?

George Vold, Austin Turk, and Richard Quinney

Which of the following are considered to be conflict theorists?

Wilhelm Bonger

Who is considered to be one of the first Marxist criminologists?

Race, class, and gender

What extra-legal factors would conflict theorists suggest influence arrest and sentencing?

Capitalism

Karl Marx wrote extensively about the evils of which of the following?

Conflict model

Which perspective sees bias in the criminal justice system as intentional?

laws are made and enforced.

Critical theories highlight the manner in which:

All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a criticism of radical criminology?

Drug laws and capital punishment

In which area is there the strongest evidence of racial bias in the criminal justice system?

ABC

__________ is unique in the home-visiting field in that it is brief (10 weekly sessions), thus requiring a low cost per family, has a proven history of evidence, and is flexible in the home visiting space.

Negative Life Events

According to the National Gang Center's Senior Research Associate, Buddy Howell, these types of events make it difficult for youth to manage emotionally stressful situations.

500

Sheldon and Elanor Glueck's pioneering work and follow-up study entitled Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency examined this number of criminal careers.

disengaged parenting

Unrestricted access to peers, lack of parenting oversight and control, and lack of consistent rules and discipline are all forms of __________.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is the root of why life-course-persistent (LCP) offenders begin committing crimes?

All of the choices are correct.

The 1958 Philadelphia birth cohort study:

The age–crime curve

What is the centerpiece of life-course criminology?

Turning Points

Refers to significant life events or experiences that have the potential to alter an individual's trajectory away from delinquent behavior

Committed by a small group of chronic offenders

The bulk of crime committed by the first Philadelphia cohort was which of the following?

Criminal Career

Refers to the pattern of an individual's involvement in criminal behavior over time. It involves the series of criminal acts or offenses committed by a person during their lifetime.

desist from

According to life-course criminology, most people eventually ______ crime.

All of these

According to Farrington (2003), which of the following are widely accepted conclusions about the development of criminal offending

Sixty percent were arrested at least once as a young adult (before age 20 years) for a felony offense.

What characterized chronic offenders in the Columbus, Ohio, birth cohort?

All of these

Identify community risk factors that contribute to antisocial behavior and delinquency.

were more likely to commit one crime and then desist.

In the 1958 Philadelphia birth cohort, female juvenile offenders:

DLC

In recognition of the robust relationship between age and crime, there has emerged a subfield within criminology known as __________

life-course persistent offenders and adolescence-limited offenders

Developed by criminologist Terrie E. Moffitt, is a prominent theory within the field of criminology that seeks to explain the different trajectories of criminal behavior observed in individuals. The theory proposes two distinct subgroups of offenders based on their patterns of antisocial behavior

Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods

In the mid-1990s this interdisciplinary effort to unite the longitudinal study of individual lives with social context, especially neighborhoods, families, peers, schools, and the criminal justice system.

are directed toward chronic offenders.

Many of the policy implications of the criminal career perspective and life-course criminology:

The effects of life events on the development of a criminal career

What does the life-course criminology perspective seek to understand?