APES Unit 3 Exam

Survivorship Curve

line that shows survival rate of a cohort (group of same-aged individuals) in a pop. from birth to death

Type I

(mostly k-selected) a graph that shows a population where most individuals live to old age and die when they are elderly.

Type II

(in between r & k) steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life

Type III

(mostly r-selected) represent populations that have a high death rate among the young, but a relatively low death rate for those who survive into middle and old age

Carrying capacity (k)

the max. number of individuals in a pop. that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)

Overshoot

when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity

consequence of overshoot

resource depletion

die-off

sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying

Size (N)

total # of individuals in a given area at a give time

density

number of individuals per unit of area

ex: 12 panthers/km²

distribution

how individuals in pop. are spaced out compared to each other

random (trees)

uniform (territorial animals)

clumped (herd/group animals)

Biotic potential

max. potential growth rate, with no limiting resources

exponential growth

logistic growth

initial rapid growth, then limiting factors limit pop. to K

Calculation population size

(immigrations + births) - (emigrations + death)

total fertility rate (TFR)

avg. number of children a woman in a population will bear throughout her lifetime

Replacement Level Fertility

the TFR required to offset deaths in a pop. and keep pop. size stable

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 people in a pop.

Growth rate (r )

% increase in a population (usually per year)

Crude Birth Rate & Crude Death Rate

Births & Deaths per 1,000 people in a pop.

Calculating Growth Rate (r )

Global population growth rate = [CBR-CDR]/10

Rule of 70

The time it takes (in years) for a population to double is equal to 70 divided by the growth rate

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

key economic indicator of standard of living

• total value of the goods & services produced

• Per capita GDP is total GDP/total population

Life Expectancy

key health indicator of standard of living

• Average age a person will live to in a given country

• increases with access to clean water, health care, stable food sources

Industrialization

the process of economic and social transition from an agrarian (farming) economy to an industrial one (manufacturing based)