APUSH Ch. 21

Who established the Henry Street Settlement House?

Lillian Wald and her friend.

What services did the Henry Street Settlement House provide?

Professional care at low prices, health care information, sanitation, and disease prevention.

What was the primary goal of the progressive movement?

To create a new social consciousness to address problems from economic and social changes.

What were the three basic attitudes characterizing the progressive movement?

Anger over industrial capitalism, belief in democratic institutions for reform, and emphasis on social cohesion.

What did progressives reject from 19th-century theory?

The idea of individualism as the sole cause of societal problems.

What inspired the rhetoric and methods of the progressive movement?

Evangelical Protestantism and natural/social sciences.

What is muckraking?

A form of journalism that uncovers social issues and provokes public outrage.

Who was Jacob Riis and what did he publish?

A journalist who published 'How the Other Half Lives,' detailing the lives of the poor.

What significant novel did Upton Sinclair write, and what did it expose?

'The Jungle,' which exposed poor sanitation and working conditions in the meatpacking industry.

What was the role of Jane Addams in the progressive movement?

She founded Hull House in Chicago and advocated for social reforms.

What contributions did Lillian Wald make to public health?

Lobbied for school nurses, lunch programs, and tougher housing inspections.

What landmark legislation was influenced by Florence Kelley's report on sweatshops?

Illinois legislation limiting women's work hours and prohibiting child labor under 14.

How did political machines operate in large US cities?

They offered jobs and services in exchange for votes, often dominated by Irish politicians.

What was the 'Good Government' movement?

A movement aimed at reforming city administration by applying corporate techniques.

What is a direct primary?

A system that allows party voters to select electoral candidates instead of party bosses.

What is an initiative in the context of progressive reforms?

The power for citizens to propose laws through a petition process.

What is a referendum?

The right for citizens to vote on proposed legislation.

What was the significance of the Australian ballot?

It introduced secret voting to improve electoral integrity.

What did the progressive movement believe about social problems?

They believed social problems were structural and required active citizen intervention.

What was the role of women in the progressive movement?

Women played significant roles in social work, public health, and labor legislation advocacy.

Who were the key leaders of the settlement house movement?

Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Florence Kelley.

What did the progressive legal theorists advocate for?

They argued for laws to adapt to changing social conditions.

What was the impact of muckraking journalism on society?

It raised awareness of social issues and encouraged public action for reform.

What did the progressive movement aim to expand?

The legislative and regulatory powers of the state.

What was the relationship between progressive reformers and urban political machines?

Progressive reformers allied with machines to pass welfare legislation for the working class.

What did the progressive movement challenge in urban politics?

The power of machine politics and the conditions of urban life.

What was the focus of the social gospel movement?

The duty of Christians to eliminate poverty and inequality.

What is the 'Recall' power in government?

The power to remove elected officials from office.

What did the 17th Amendment change regarding US senators?

It shifted the selection of US senators from state legislatures to direct election by voters.

What does the 'Wisconsin Idea' refer to?

The application of academic scholarship and theory to the needs of the people.

Who was 'Fighting Bob'?

A leader of the progressive faction of Republicans, known for his reform efforts.

What reforms did Theodore Roosevelt implement as governor of New York?

He strengthened the civil service system, set wage and hour standards, raised teachers' salaries, and placed a franchise tax on corporations controlling public utilities.

What was the focus of western progressives?

They targeted railroads, mining, timber companies, and public utilities for reform.

What was the goal of southern progressives?

To control corporations and manage 'unruly' citizens, including advocating for child labor and educational reform.

What were Jim Crow laws?

Laws that enforced racial segregation in public places such as restaurants, streetcars, beaches, and theaters.

How did middle and upper-class Protestant progressives view immigrants?

They viewed immigrants and large cities as a threat to American democracy.

What was the aim of the Prohibition Movement led by the WCTU?

To end the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol, while also advocating for social reforms.

What was the Anti-Saloon League and when was it established?

Established in 1893, it organized local campaigns to ban liquor in small regions, financed by local businessmen.

What was the Mann Act of 1910?

Legislation that made it a federal offense to transport women across state lines for 'immoral purposes.'

What was the purpose of the Playground Movement?

To create municipal playgrounds offering free, healthy outdoor recreation for children.

How did public schools serve as agents of 'Americanization'?

They aimed to assimilate immigrant children into society and teach them Anglo-Saxon values.

What was the impact of compulsory school attendance laws by 1918?

Every state had compulsory school attendance, leading to increased school enrollment and longer attendance.

What challenges did progressivism face?

Various groups, including those opposing the progressive vision of politics, emerged to challenge reform efforts.

What were the social consequences of the efforts to eliminate prostitution from 1895-1920?

These efforts often scapegoated foreigners and failed to eliminate prostitution, instead replacing it with different organizations.

What role did the National Board of Censorship play in the context of leisure?

It aimed at the 'redemption of leisure' in response to the rise of new movies and entertainment.

What was the significance of the expansion of high school attendance during the progressive era?

It reflected the growing emphasis on education and the bureaucratization of public school systems.

What percentage of 20th century immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe?

60%

Which groups were commonly part of the new immigrant wave in the early 20th century?

Italians, Poles, Hungarians, Jews, and Greeks

What were some reasons that drove new immigrants from their homes?

Undermining of subsistence farming, shortage of land, and religious/political persecution

What was the common work environment for new immigrants in the U.S.?

Steel mills, where they worked 12-hour days for less than $12.50 a week

What term describes distinct communities formed by Mexican immigrants?

Barrios

What was the impact of the 1909 strikes in the garment industry?

Strikers demanded union recognition, better wages, and safer conditions, gaining support from suffragists and trade unionists.

What was the significance of the Uprising of the 20,000?

It was a major strike in the garment industry that highlighted the struggles of unskilled female workers.

What was the role of the Women's Trade Union League?

It was a group of sympathetic female reformers advocating for labor rights.

What tragic event in 1911 led to the creation of the New York State Factory Investigation Commission?

A factory fire that trapped and killed hundreds of workers.

What is a company town?

A community dominated by a single large corporation, where workers had little influence over economic and political institutions.

What was the Ludlow Massacre?

A violent confrontation between miners and private mine guards during a strike in Colorado, resulting in deaths of families and children.

What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

The strongest worker organization that emerged after the depression of the 1890s, focusing on skilled workers.

What is the difference between an open shop and a closed shop?

An open shop does not require union membership, while a closed shop requires all employees to be union members.

Who were the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?

A radical labor organization founded in 1905 that aimed to unite all workers, including unskilled laborers.

What was the significance of the 'Bread and Roses' strike in 1912?

It was a strike led by the IWW that used class-conscious rhetoric to unite a diverse workforce.

What cultural movement emerged in the 1910s among middle-class radicals?

The rise of 'village bohemians' who challenged traditional norms and advocated for social change.

What was the role of women's clubs in the early 20th century?

They combined self-improvement with advocacy for working women and children, influencing labor laws.

What was the National Consumers' League?

An organization that aimed to improve working conditions and advocate for labor rights.

How did the influx of Caribbean-born immigrants differ from European immigrants?

They brought higher levels of education, literacy, and occupational skills but faced racial discrimination.

What challenges did Japanese immigrants face in the U.S.?

They were prevented from obtaining American citizenship and faced legal discrimination.

What was the impact of economic and political crises on Mexican immigration?

They led to increased emigration to the U.S. for labor in agriculture and mining.

What was the typical workweek for garment workers in NYC?

60 hours, often leading to long stretches of unemployment due to seasonal work.

What was the response of manufacturers to the strikes by unskilled female workers?

They hired thugs and prostitutes to intimidate and beat up pickets.

What was the significance of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in labor history?

It was a major employer in the coal mining industry, involved in significant labor conflicts.

What was the role of family networks and ethnic lodges in company towns?

They maintained community ties and provided support for immigrant workers and their families.

What campaign did manufacturers sponsor in 1898 to promote safety and sanitary standards?

A 'white label' campaign allowing manufacturers who met standards to label their food and clothing with NCL labels.

Who led the publicizing of labor abuses in department stores and lobbied for wage laws?

Florence Kelley.

What phrase did Margaret Sanger coin in 1913?

'Birth control'.

What significant action did Margaret Sanger take in 1916?

Opened a birth control clinic in a working-class neighborhood in Brooklyn.

What was the main focus of African Americans living in the South during this period?

Working in agriculture, with many in unskilled jobs in cities.

What was Booker T. Washington's approach to racial uplift?

He urged blacks to focus on economic improvement and self-reliance through vocational skills.

What organization did Booker T. Washington help found to promote black business development?

The National Negro Business League.

What concept did W.E.B. Du Bois explore regarding African Americans?

The concept of 'double consciousness', highlighting the tension between African heritage and American identity.

What was the purpose of the Niagara Movement founded by W.E.B. Du Bois?

To protest legal segregation and advocate for voting rights and civic equality.

What organization emerged from the Niagara Movement in 1909?

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

What was the Women's Convention of the National Baptist Convention established in 1900?

A platform for African American women to engage in reform work, including suffrage and public health.

What role did Theodore Roosevelt envision for the federal government?

To play an active role in curbing the power of wealthy individuals and promoting social reform.

What was Roosevelt's view of the presidency?

He viewed it as a 'bully pulpit' for advocating societal reform.

What significant action did Roosevelt take in the coal industry in 1902?

He intervened to secure better pay and working conditions for miners.

What landmark case established Roosevelt's reputation as a 'trust-buster'?

Northern Securities v. United States (1904).

What acts did Roosevelt support to strengthen federal regulation of industries?

The Hepburn Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, and Meat Inspection Act.

What was the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902?

It established the Reclamation Bureau and provided federal funding for dam and canal projects.

Who was John Muir and what was his contribution to environmentalism?

He was the founder of the modern environmentalist movement, advocating for the preservation of wilderness lands.

What was the significance of the election of 1912?

It featured a four-way race among Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson, and Eugene V. Debs, highlighting differing progressive visions.

What was Roosevelt's 'New Nationalism'?

A vision of a strong federal government led by an activist president advocating for social reforms.

What was Woodrow Wilson's campaign called and what did it emphasize?

'New Freedom', emphasizing free competition and equality of economic opportunity.

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act establish?

The FDA, which tested and approved drugs before they went on the market.

What did the Meat Inspection Act empower the Department of Agriculture to do?

Inspect and label meat products.

What was the impact of the Hepburn Act?

It strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission by regulating railroad rates.

What was the role of the US Forest Service created in 1905?

To manage national forests and water resources.

What did the 1913 Congress decision regarding Hetch Hetchy Valley signify?

It prioritized utility and public development over preservation of nature.

What was the main demand of Eugene V. Debs' platform?

Collective ownership of large-scale industry, shorter working hours, end to child labor, and women's suffrage.

What significant political event occurred in the election of 1912?

Divisions in the Republican Party led to Woodrow Wilson's victory, marking the first modern presidential race.

What was the Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913?

It reduced tariff duties on various raw materials and manufactured goods.