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What is a group of closely associated similar cells that carry out specific functions?
tissues
What are the four types of tissues?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
What lacks defined tissues and organs?
parazoa
Who are the simplest animals?
sponges
What has distinct and well-defined tissues?
eumetazoa
What type of animal tissue lines cavities, open spaces, and surfaces?
epithelial
What type of animal tissue connects tissues together, provides support, and gives the body structure?
connective
What type of animal tissue generates movement?
muscle
What type of animal tissue generates and transmits electrical signals; consists of neurons and glial cells?
nervous
How are epithelial cells classified?
by the number of layers and the shape of the cell
What type of epithelial cell is a flat, irregular round shape?
squamous
What type of epithelial cell is cube shaped?
cuboidal
What type of epithelial cell is tall and narrow with a nucleus towards the base tail or along the cell?
columnar
What contains a combination of collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers?
ground substance
What contains tough fibrous proteins that remain intact when stretched?
collagen fibers
What is found in structures that expand and contract?
elastic fibers
What forms a supporting framework in many organs?
reticular fibers
What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
loose/areolar
dense, fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
bone
adipose
blood
What is composed of loosely woven collagen and elastic fibers and is located around blood vessels and anchors epithelia?
loose/areolar
What contains large amounts of collagen fibers and few cells or matrix material and is located in the skin (irregular) and tendons and ligaments (regular)?
dense, fibrous connective tissue
What is connective tissue with a large amount of the matrix and variable amounts of fiber and is located in shark skeleton, fetal bones, human ears, and intervertebral discs?
cartilage
What are cells that make the matrix and fibers of the tissue and are found in spaces within the tissue?
chondrocytes
What is predominantly made of skeletal tissue in vertebrates and consists of mostly calcium salts and collagen secreted by bone cells?
bone
What contains cytoplasmic extensions or communications between osteocytes?
canaliculi
What kind of connective tissue is made up of cells and is located in fat?
adipose
What consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets and is located in the blood?
blood
What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissues?
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
What has voluntary muscle contractions, multinucleate, and is mainly connected to the skeleton?
skeletal
What is involuntary, has no striations, spindle-shaped cells, and is found in hollow muscular organs?
smooth
What is involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs between cells, and found only in the heart?
cardiac
What receives and transmits signals?
neurons
What receives and transmits signals to the cell body?
dendrites
What transmits signals away from the cell body?
axon
What consists of many neurons bound together by connective tissues?
nerve
What are cells that support and nourish the neurons, destroy pathogens, and modulate transmission of impulses?
glial
What aims to keep internal conditions around a set point?
homeostasis
What changes in one organ system to maintain a set point in another organ system?
acclimatization
What counteracts any internal changes?
negative feedback loop
What maintains and potentially strengthens the response to a stimuli?
positive feedback loop
What four mechanisms maintain temperature?
radiation
evaporation
convection
conduction
What are animals that depend on the environment for their body heat?
ectotherms
What generates body heat metabolically and has adaption for thermoregulation?
endotherms
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