Justice and Society Exam 2

Criminology

Scientific study of crime

• “Systematic study of eitology (Cause of condition), prevention, control and treatment which aims to produce carious forms of scientific, professional, and practical knowledge.”

Criminologists

Individuals who study crime using research

Qualitative

Uses nonnumeric data

Quantitative

Uses numerical data to study or investigate

Part 1 Crimes (1)

Criminal Homicide (1)

Part 2 Crimes (1)

Simple Assault (1)

Centralized Police Model

Centralized model has their State Agency that patrols the freeways as well as investigate crimes

Decentralized Policing Model

Some states break up the highway patrol from their criminal investigations

• North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia

  • Highway patrol

  • State Bureau of Investigation

Eustress

Makes you better

• Motivates you to take on positive action

Supernatural

Oldest Perspective to explain crime was:

• “Diabolic Possession and Instigation”

Distress

• Threatens an individual’s functioning or can overload a person’s capacity to cope

  • Heavy caseload, inadequate equipment, etc...

Classical Perspective

Instead of a person’s fate being controlled by evil spirits, the classical perspective takes the position that human beings exercise free will

Casare Beccaria (1738-1794)

• Believed that people were rational and exercised free will where they calculated if their actions would result in pleasure or pain

• Therefore, the law and punishment should only be severe enough to deter individuals from committing crimes.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

• English Philosopher

• Believed people were self-indulgent

• Always seeking maximum pleasure while minimizing the amount of pain related to their actions.

Bentham Proposed

For punishment to be effective

• Swift

• Certain that punishment will follow misbehavior

• Proportionally severe (but not excessive) to the crime that was committed

• Punishment should be used as a means of reforming the criminal, incapacitating him from repeating crimes and deterring others from similar misbehavior

Physiognomists

Studied facial features and tried to show criminal behavior

• Example: Based on the shape of the eyes and ears

Phrenologists

Maintained the belief the external shape of the skull and the individuals likely hood to engage in crime.

Id

Contains the unconscious primitive drives or behaviors

Ego

Is the “rational side” of the personality

Superego

Contains the “moral and social standards which guide behavior”

Conformist

Seeks wealth by legitimate means to attain the end goal

• Goes to college, gets career and advances

  • Law abiding citizens

Innovators

Accepts societal goals, but does not accept the institutionalized means to attain them

• Ex. Drug Dealers make the money to obtain wealth

Ritualists

Conform to the institutionalized means, but gives up on achieving wealth and avoids taking risks

• Lives normal average life

Retreatists

Do not conform to institutionalized means

• Engage in activities that withdraw from society

• Some individuals will fall into drug addiction and homelessness

FTO

Field Training Officer

Part 1 Crimes (2)

Forcible Rape (2)

Part 1 Crimes (3)

Robbery (3)

Part 1 Crimes (4)

Aggravated Assault (4)

Part 1 Crimes (5)

Burglary (5)

Part 1 Crimes (6)

Arson (6)

Part 1 Crimes (7)

Lacreny/Theft (7)

Part 1 Crimes (8)

Motor Vehicle Theft (8)

Part 2 Crimes (2)

Curfew Offenses & Loitering (2)

Utilitarianism

the set of beliefs that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority

Part 2 Crimes (3)

Gambling (3)

Part 2 Crimes (4)

Embezzlement, Forgery, and Counterfeiting (4)

Part 2 Crimes (5)

Prostitution & Vice Offenses (5)

Part 2 Crimes (6)

Disorderly Conduct and Drunk Driving (6)

Part 2 Crimes (7)

Weapons Offenses (7)

Part 2 Crimes (8)

Drug & Liquor Offenses (8)