Final Exam 36C

Antigonus the One-Eyed

1. 382-301 BCE
2. after the peace treaty of 311 with Diadochoi Antigonus sends letters to Greek cities (just in his domain in Asia?) promoting "freedom of Greeks"
3. only one of these letters survive from the city of Scepsis in Troad (= area near Troy in NW Anatolia)

Inscriptions (311 BCE)

1. Antigonus' letter to Scepsians announces peace treaty:
explains how in the treaty he pressed for Greek autonomy
against the wishes of Cassander/Lysimachus/Ptolemy
2. decree by Scepsians in honor of Antigonus: Scepsians establish Antigonus temenos (sacred enclosure: as for a god's temple altar (as for a god) cult statue (as for a god)
3. = first example of divine honors being given to a Hellenistic ruler

Precedents for Greek worship of living individuals

1. Philip II and Alexander III were not averse to divine honors (cf. Alex. as son of Zeus-Ammon)
2. earliest known example: Spartan general Lysander (AR 39)
in thanks for Lysander defeating Athens in Peloponnesian War (404 BCE)
4. cities erect altars/perform sacrifices for him; sing hymns in his honor
5. Lysander compared to the god Apollo

Demetrius Poliorcetes

1. "Demetrius the Besieger" 337-283 BCE
2. son of Antigonus Monophthalmus
3. joins father in promoting "freedom of Greeks"

since 316

1. Athens was controlled by Macedonian ruler Cassander
2. ostensibly as oligarchy
3. but really under the control of Cassander's henchman, Demetrius of Phalerum

307: Demetrius Poliorcetes liberates Athens

1. sails with a fleet into Athens' harbor (Piraeus)--ships mistaken for Ptolemy's ships
2. outnumbered, Demetrius of Phalerum leaves Athens (goes to Thebes)
3. Demetrius Poliorcetes removes the Macedonian garrison; restores Athenian democracy
4. In thanks, Athenians call Antigonus and Demetrius "kings" (Greek basileus; pl. basileis)
5. = first Hellenistic rulers to be called kings
call Antigonus and Demetrius "Saviors" in Athenian inscriptions
or "Savior Gods"

Athenian Hymn in Honor of Demetrius (291 BCE)

1. 291: on a later occasion, when Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Athens
2. Athenians greet Demetrius with choruses (singing and dancing) say he is the only true god (descended from Poseidon) "god" = Greek theos; pl. theoi
3. a hymn is sung to Demetrius preserved (in a fragment of Greek historian Duris of Samos) calls on Demetrius to save Athens from Aetolian looting of their land = as one would call upon a god

Nature of Hellenistic Kingship

1. Suda = encyclopedia (ca. 900s CE)
in the entry on "monarchy"
2. = Hellenistic kingship based on military power and governing competency
3. not on royal lineage or on law

Demetrius' Siege of Rhodes (305-304 BCE)

1. Demetrius Poliorcetes ("City [polis] Besieger [orcetes]")
= got nickname from his year-long (summer 305-summer 304) siege of Rhodes
2. 306: won sea battle against Ptolemy I and took island of Cyprus from him
3. 305: sent by father Antigonus to take Rhodes
4. Demetrius brings against Rhodes 200 warships
ca. 40,000 soldiers
5. Demetrius comes to terms with Rhodes
now allied with Antigonus/Demetrius
except against Ptolemy
6. Demetrius' siege of Rhodes
a military failure and waste of money/manpower
contradicted "freedom of Greeks"

Battle of Ipsos (301 BCE)

1. fought near town of Ipsos in Phrygia (west-central Anatolia)
2. 302: Antigonus/Demetrius form new Hellenic League with mainland Greek cities with Demetrius as hegemon ("leader") against Cassander and Macedon cf. League of Corinth from 338-337 BCE
3. Cassander allies with Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus against Antigonus
4. Demetrius and cavalry rout Seleucus' son Antiochus and cavalry rush to pursue retreating Seleucid cavalry
but blocked from returning to fighting by Seleucus' elephants
5. Antigonus and army surrounded by Seleucid cavalry
in hail of spears, 80-year-old Antigonus dies, waiting for Demetrius to return

Seleucid era (312-64 BCE)

1. Seleucid dynasty: started by Seleucus in 358
2. Seleucid kingship=personal
3. Kings= military leaders
4. In inscriptions did no specify "king" to "what"
5. = October 312 in the Macedonian calendar
6. = April 311 in the Babylonian calendar

Appian of Alexandria (95-165 BCE)

1. Only historian to use 'Seleucid'
2. Offers a sketch of Seleucus I career

Seleucus sets to conquer Eastern parts of Alexanders Empire (308-305 BCE)

1. from the initial base of Babylon
2. earns nickname Nicator ("Victor"):
Seleucus Nicator
3. conquers Iran and "upper satrapies" (including Bactria)

Founds Seleukeia on the Tigris

1. new imperial capital (near Babylon)
2. named after himself (as several of his cities will be)
3. at height: 600,000 inhabitants

Forms treaty/marriage alliance with Chandragupta (305-303 BCE)

1. crosses Indus River;
fights local kings, incl. Mauryan king Chandragupta (Greek Sandrocottus)
2. Forms alliance: gives up Indus River territories to Chandragupta
in exchange for 500 war elephants
3. = origins of the herd of Seleucid war elephants
4. elephants commemorated on Seleucus I's coinage

After Battle of Ispos Seleucus gets Syria (301 BCE)

1. Diadochoi divide up Antigonus Monophthalmus' domain
2. = new western border of his kingdom

Seleucus marries Sogdian princess Apama (324 BCE)

1. marries Macedonian Companions to Iranian princesses
2. Mass marriag eceremony held by Alexander in 324
3. son of Seleucus I and Apama = Antiochus I (= Seleucus I's successor)

Foundation of Antiocheia (Antioch) on the Orontes (300 BCE)

1. Orontes River in Syria
2. later becomes the capital for Antiochus I

Foundation of Apameia on the Orontes (300 BCE)

1. = rare historical scene on Greek/Roman mosaic
2. based on Hellenistic original?
3. 2011 CE
looters find/steal floor mosaic from site of Apameia

320 BCE

on site, Antipater (regent) and Cassander found new Macedonian military colony named Pella

300 BCE

1. refounded as city and renamed Apameia by Seleucus I
2. =wealth property of queen Apama
3. Like achaemenian Persian Queens

Ptolemy I (367-282 BCE)

1. only one of Diadochoi to die peaceably in old age
2. = Ptolemy I Soter ("Savior")
3. cult title given to Ptolemy I after his death (by son Ptolemy II)
4. perhaps also by Rhodians after help with siege in 304?

Ptolemy satrap of Egypt (323-305 BCE)

1. Ptolemies
= Ptolemaic dynasty
2. = dynasty in Egypt founded by Ptolemy I

Ptolemy I declares himself "king" (305/304 BCE)

1. Greek Basileus (ling)
2. 30: ends when Ptolemaic queen, Cleopatra VII, dies by suicide

Ptolemy entombs Alexander's body at Memphis

321

Established new official Ptolemaic cult of Alexander in Alexandria (290/289 BCE)

1. with annually appointed priest
2. dating system: name of Ptolemaic king + name of priest of Alexander's cult
3. in coins, Ptolemy I recalls Alexander's Indian conquests (elephant imagery)

Ptolemy marries Iranian princess Artakama (324 BCE)

1. Mass marriage at susa
2. Never mentioned again in sources

Ptolemy I

1. son of Macedonians Lagus and Arsinoe
2. (prob. false) rumor that Philip II was his father by Arsinoe

Ptolemy marries Eurydice I, daughter of Macedonian regent Antipater (320 BCE)

1. they have two sons: Philip Ceraunus (Ptolemy I's oldest son) and Meleager

Philip Ceraunus (319-279 BCE)

1. Ceraunus ("Thunderbolt": nickname for his hot temper)
2. orig. heir apparent of Ptolemy I as king of Egypt
3. 281: murders Seleucus I at Lysimacheia
4.seizes Macedonian throne
5. grandson of Antipater (through mother Eurydice, Antipater's daughter)

Philip Ceranus leaves Egypt when half-brother Ptolemy II is favored as heir

287

Ptolemy marries Berenice I (317 BCE)

1. = tradition of Macedonian royal polygamy
2. Berenice I:
Macedonian; Eurydice's cousin,
comes to Egypt when her first husband dies
becomes Eurydice's lady-in-waiting
3. children of Ptolemy I and Berenice I:
two daughters: Arsinoe II and Philotera
son: Ptolemy II

Ptolemy II co-regent with father Ptolemy I

284-282

Greek roman resources: Alexandria founded by Alexander (332-331 BCE)

1. Arrian: Alexander plans it himself
2. Plutarchs: sees a dream vision
3. Bowden argues: Ptolemy may be real founder

Satrap stele erected in Agyptisn city of Buto in honor of Ptolemy (311 BCE)

1. inscribed in Egyptian hieroglyphs
2. commemorates Ptolemy (as satrap) giving back temple lands
3. lands taken away from temple by Persian king Xerxes (or perhaps Darius I)

After battle of Ispos: Diadachoi carve up Antigoneous's Kingdom (301 BCE)

1. Seleucus gets Syria + eastern Anatolia
2. Lysimachus gets Thrace + western Anatolia
3. Cassander gets Macedon + Greece
4. Ptolemy gets: Egypt, Palestine and, Coele Syria

Demetrius Poliorcetes lives as King on Athens ( 304-302 BCE)

1. a king without a kingdom (still has a huge navy)
2. already worn out welcome in Athens
3. in rear chamber of Parthenon (temple to Athena on acropolis)
4. Seleucus forms alliance with Demetrius:
biggest army (Seleucus) + biggest navy (Demetrius)
5. Marriage Alliance: Seleucus marries Stratonice
= daughter of Demetrius and Phila (Antipater's daughter)

Cassander (335-297 BCE)

1. Dies unexpectedly

Succession Crisis (297 BCE)

1. Cassander's picked successor (oldest son Philip) dies a few months later
2. two younger sons (Antipater and Alexander) fight among themselves

Demetrius besieges/takes Athens (295 BCE)

1. installs loyalists to rule it
2. in civil war with brother, Cassander's son Alexander appeals for help
3. to Demetrius and Pyrrhus of Epirus

Pyrrhus of Epirus (318-272 BCE)

1. king of Epirus
2. great-nephew of Olympias of Epirus (Alex. the Great's mother)
3. brother-in-law of Demetrius (who married Pyrrhus' sister Deidameia)
4. fought at Ipsos alongside Demetrius

Cassanders son Alexander wins the civil war; then killed by Demetrius (294 BCE)

1. Alexander originally mistrusts and rejects his help
2. Demetrius arranges meeting with Alexander and has him killed
3. Demetrius with his army seizes Macedon for himself

Demetrius Poliocretes is king of Macedon (294-287 BCE)

1. foreign to Macedonian ways
2. Amassing bigger navy (500 ships)
3. to take back Anatolia

coalition formed against Demetrius by Lysimachus/Ptolemy/Seleucus/Pyrrhus (287 BCE)

1. Macedonian troops abandon Demetrius
2. at Cassandreia, Phila commits suicide by drinking poison
3. Demetrius flees first to Anatolia

Demetrius flees to Syria, taking refuge with brother-in-law Seleucus

286

Demetrius eventually drinks himself to death

283

Pyrrhus takes western Macedon, Lysimachus eastern Macedon

287

Lysimachus drives Pyrrhus out of Macedon (284 BCE)

1. kingdom = Macedon, Thrace, western Anatolia
2. king of Thrace since ca. 305

Lysimachus marries Nicaea (daughter of Antipater) (321 BCE)

1. their son Agathocles marries Lysandra (his own first cousin)
2. Lysandra = daughter of Ptolemy I and Eurydice (daughter of Antipater)
3. Lysandra = sister of Ptolemy Ceraunus

Lysimachus (360-281 BCE)

1. succession problems
2. son Agathocles is to be heir
but Arsinoe II convinces Lysimachus that Agathocles is plotting coup

Agathocles is put to death by Lysimachus (283-282 BCE)

1. Lysandra and brother Ptolemy Ceraunus flee
to Syria
2. help persuade Seleucus to make war on Lysimachus

Lysimachus marries Arsinoe II (300 BCE)

1. Arsinoe II = daughter of Ptolemy I and Berenice
2. Arsinoe II = half-sister of Lysandra

Nicaea dies

302

Ptolemy I dies

282

Battle of Koroupedion (281 BCE)

1. = plain in Lydia
2. last two Diadochoi battle
3. Seleucus defeats Lysimachus (killed in battle)
4. Seleucus starts his march to Macedon (to build empire from there to Bactria)
5. but murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus (who has his own sights set on Macedon)

Diadachoi

1. "Successors"
2. Those who served under Philip
3.Antipater+Antigoneous= Philips II's generation
4. Ptolemy I+ Lysimachus+Seleucus I= Alex's generation

Epiganoi

1. "those born after"
2. sons/sucessors of diadachoi

Demetrius Poliorcetes (337-283 BCE)

1. a transitional figure
2. both youngest of the Diadachoi
3. And first of the Epiganoi
4. set model for Hellenistic succession (father to son co-kings)

Antigonus Monophthalmus names son Demetrius his co-king

306

Antigonus and Demetrius co-kings (306-301 BCE)

1. no Macedonian or Achaemenid Persian precedent for this
Lysimachus does not follow Antigonus' lead
3. fails to name his son/apparent successor Agathocles co-king--
Agathocles later put to death by father on suspicion of treason
4. Seleucus I and Ptolemy I do follow Antigonus' lead (name co-kings) yet, Epigonoi always lived in shadow of fathers
5. Diadochoi = built kingdoms through personal qualities
= military success/governing competency;
these personal qualities non-transferrable to sons

Seleucus I marries Sogdian Apama (324 BCE)

1. Still alive 299/298
2. death unknown
3. = honored by Greek city of Miletus by decree
4. for benefactions to Miletus by Seleucus/Apama/Antiochus
5. = Hellenistic royalty- major development in hellenistic period

Euergetēs

benefactor

Antiochus I (324-261 BCE)

1. son of Seleucus I and Apama
Stratonice

Seleucus I marries Stronice (300-297 BCE)

1. daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Phila (Antipater's daughter)
2. Seleucus/Stratonice have one child: daughter Phila

Antiochus falls in love with step-mother Stratonice (294 BCE)

1. =about the same age
2. Seleucus I agrees to marry Stratonice to Antiochus

Seleucus I also names Antiochus I co-king (294 BCE)

1. puts Antiochus in charge of "upper satrapies" (in east)
2. Antiochus/Stratonice to live in Seleuceia on Tigris
3. = city becomes Seleucid capital of eastern part of kingdom

death of Seleucus I; accession of Antiochus I as sole king

281

Ptolemy I marries Eurydice I, daughter of Antipater (320 BCE)

1. their son: Philip Ceraunus (thunderbolt)
2. 287: Philip leaves Egypt

Ptolemy I marries Berenice I (317 BCE)

1. children of Ptolemy I and Berenice I:
2. two daughters: Arsinoe II and Philotera
3. son: Ptolemy II

Arsinoe I (305-after 248)

1. daughter of Lysimachus and Nicaea, daughter of Antipater

Lysimachus marries Arsinoe I to Ptolemy II (289-281 BCE)

1. Arsinoe I and Ptolemy II have son = Ptolemy III (Ptolemy II's successor)

death of Ptolemy I; accession of Ptolemy II as sole king

282

Arsinoe II

316-270

Ptolemy I marries Arsinoe II to Lysimachus

300

Lysimachus dies in battle at Koroupedion

281

Arsinoe II marries half-brother Philip Ceraunus (280-279 BCE)

1. she conspires against Philip (favoring her sons by Lysimachus)
2. Philip kills two of her sons

Arsinoe II flees to Egypt (279 BCE)

1. marries full brother, king Ptolemy II
2. may have persuaded Ptolemy II to exile Arsinoe I to Coptos in Egypt

Philadelphus

1. "Sibling lover"
2. name given to Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II
3. hence, Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Celts

1. European tribal peoples
2. Keltoi (Celts) in Greek; Galli (Gauls) in Latin
3. long known to Greeks as uncivilized "barbarians" (barbaroi)
4. left no written record about themselves (= hostile foreign sources)

Lysimachus, king of Thrace, killed in battle at Koroupedion (281 BCE)

1. = weakness of Thrace exposes Macedon/Greece to invaders from north
2. Killed by Philip Ceranus

Philip Ceranus dies fighting Belgius and Celts (279 BCE)

1. one group of Celts migrate to Macedon (seeking land/plunder?)
2. Macedonian king Philip Ceraunus dies fighting Celtic invaders
3. acc. to Justin: before battle, Belguis tries to negotiate peace with Philip, who refuses
4. in battle, Philip killed/beheaded
5. Macedonians eventually drive these Celts away

Brenus and Clets fail to take Delphi (279 BCE)

1. another group of Celts moves through Macedon and south into Greece
2. acc. to Justin:
3. Leader of this group of Celts/Gauls = Brennus
4. Celts/Gauls hampered by snowstorm (divine intervention in Delphians' view)
5. Brennus dies in battle (suicide)
6. Celts become new foreign bogeymen for Greeks (replacing Persians)

Inscription/Decree from Greek island of Cos- Thanks to Apollo (278 BCE)

1. giving thanks for Greek victory at Delphi (+ the god apollo)

Antigonus Gonatus (319-239 BCE)

1. son of Demetrius Poliorcetes
2. Gonatus ("Knock-kneed")
3. grandson of Antipater (through mother Phila, Antipater's daughter)

Celts defeated in battle by Antigonus Gonatus at Lysimachei (277 BCE)

1. since death of Ptolemy Ceraunus in 279, Macedon in anarchy

Antigonus Gonatus seizes Macedonian throne (276 BCE)

1. = begins Antigonid dynasty ruling Macedon from 276-168 BCE

Antigonid Dynasty Rules (276-168)

1. small kingdoms (independent from Seleucid control) start developing in Anatolia
2. Bithynia, local ruler Nicomedes calls himself "king" (basileus)
3. Nicomedes in civil war with his brother

Nicomedes of Birthynia invites Celts at Lysimacheia (278-277 BCE)

1. employs Celts as mercenaries in war
2. once in Anatolia, Greeks call these Celts "Galatians"

Galatians roam around Anatolia, causing havoc

277-269

Battle of the Elephants (Antiochus Vs Galatians) (269 BCE)

1. Seleucid king Antiochus I defeats Galatians in battle
2. with 16 elephants (frighten Galatian cavalry)
3. Acc Lucian: for defeating Galatians, Antiochus I given name of Soter ("Savior") by Greeks
after battle, Galatians finally settle down
3. In central Anatolia
in (what will henceforth be called) Galatia

Seleucid kingdom in succession crisis (240 BCE)

1. between brothers, Seleucus II and Antiochus Hierax ("Falcon")
2. in War of the Brothers, Seleucus II employs Galatian mercenaries to defeat brother
3. Attalus I of Pergamum sides with Seleucus II

Attalus I becomes third ruler in dynasty ruling city of Pergamum in Anatolia

241

Philetaerus (put in charge of Pergamum by Lysimachus) revolts

282

Philetaerus only nominally a subject of Seleucid king Antiochus I

281

Philetaerus' nephew/adopted son Eumenes I succeeds him

263

Eumenes defeats Antiochus I in battle near Sardis; makes Pergamum independent

261

Eumenes' nephew/adopted son Attalus I succeeds him

241

Attalus I defeats marauding Galatians in battle near Caicus river (238 BCE)

1. after battle, Attalus I takes title "king" (basileus)
2. erects victory monument
3. only parts of inscription survive
4. monument presents Attalus I as defender of Greek civilization against barbarians
5. Roman "Dying Gaul" statue probably copies bronze original from Attalus'

Attalid dynasty ruling Pergamum

241-113

Seleucid Bactria

1. Bactria = part of Seleucid kingdom from time of Seleucus I
2. one of "upper satrapies"
3. = modern day Afghanistan
4. divided by Oxus river (modern Amu Darya)