HIST FINAL

Requerimiento (1513)

A written declaration that stated Spanish sovereignty over the Americas.
Used religious backing to justify conquest.

War of the Roses

1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Protestant Reformation (1517)

the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Tudors

dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs such as Henry VIII and Elizabeth I

Stuarts

(Stuart Dynasty)- the family that ruled England after Queen Elizabeth 1 (Tutor) died with no heir, started with James I of Scotland (always feuded with Parliament over debts and money)

Jamestown (1607)

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive.

John Rolfe

Virginia colonist who pioneered the cultivation of tobacco as a profitable agricultural enterprise; married Pocahontas

Indentured Servitude

A contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is voluntary entered into.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people; introduced to Jamestown 1619

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry with Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Puritan New England

Theocracy, a government by ecclesiastical authorities, civil authority residing with clergy. Infant mortality rates were lower than in Chesapeake due to healthier environment

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters (Puritan Separatists) who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pilgrims first winter

The Pilgrims' first winter in the cold North was difficult. Food and shelter were inadequate and the settlers were plagued by illness. By early spring, half of the settlers had died. Yet the Pilgrims remained determined to make a home in America. Wampanoag Indians helped the settlers to cultivate crops to for food and survival, aided by Squanto

First Thanksgiving

In 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag Indians shared an autumn harvest feast that is acknowledged today as one of the first Thanksgiving celebrations in the colonies.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert control over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

Wave of hysteria swept through Massachusetts regarding outrageous religious convictions and proposed witchcraft. 150 people arrested, 26 convicted. this changed the dynamics of wealth because the wealthy were accused of witchcraft more often than the poor (if convicted, they lose property)

Thomas Hooker and Connecticut

Disagreed with the teachings of the Puritan church and left Massachusetts in 1636 to found Connecticut.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

William Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania (1644-1718)

Province of Maryland

Founded by George Calvert aka the First Lord Baltimore. A haven for Catholics (though protestants lived there as well). Grew tobacco and adopted slavery.

Cavaliers

practitioners of hegemonic liberty

East Anglian Puritans

Ordered liberty, city oriented, your right to do right.

North Midland Quakers

Reciprocal Liberty; lower middle class, good farm country, not all Quakers

North British Borderers

Natural Liberty; English lowland Scotts and Irish. Guard their rights and liberties jealously.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

Became the most dynamic preachers of the Great Awakening.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Fort Necessity (1754)

British fort hastily created to defended by George Washington that was captured by the French in 1754

Battle of Monongahela

The culmination of the Braddock Expedition, where French troops and Indian allies completely destroyed the English army as they moved to take Fort Duquesne

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Royal Proclamation Act of 1763

established proclamation line that English settler will not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains following the French & Indian War

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Isaac Barre

Supported American cause. Believed oppression planted Americans in the NW. Told king that they died fighting for England and deserve rights. Coined the term "Sons of Liberty". "Friends of Parliament"

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799); coined "Give me liberty or give me death"

Declartory Act (1766)

Gave Britain the right to tax and make laws on the colonies in all cases whatsoever

Means they could do this whenever they wanted to

Townshend Acts (1767)

passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.
*Historical Significance:*
Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war. Soldiers defended by John Adams

Tea Act of 1773

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Boston Tea Party (1773)

British ships carrying tea sailed into Boston Harbor and refused to leave until the colonials took their tea. Boston was boycotting the tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. Finally, on the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Indians boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard. They did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Coercive Acts

1. port act closed the port of boston until the tea was paid for. 2. MA Gov't act reduced the power of the MA legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. 4. expanded the quartering act to enable british troops to be quartered in private homes--applied to all colonies.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts

Revolutionary War

1775-1783 American War of Independence. Began as 13 colonies versus Great Britain but soon turned into G.B versus colonies, France, Netherlands, and Spain \= American Victory

Militia

a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition, moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. Written by Thomas Jefferson, committee included Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston

Battle of Long Island (August 1776)

General Howe obtained the unconditional surrender of the Continental troops and General Washington barely escaped

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

1776 battles in New Jersey in which George Washington's troops crossed the Delaware River and captured a Hessian (German mercenaries fighting for the British) encampment; Then Washington moves to the next city and takes British by surprise; Continental Army win both battles; gave soldiers confidence

Sir William Howe

British commander, mistakes cost Britain War, he abandoned his battle plan, allowed Washington to regroup, didn't attack at Valley Forge, some believed that he sympathized with colonists and didn't want to win the war

John Burgoyne

British general defeated by American forces at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777.

Philadelphia Campaign (1777)

-U.S. capitol where continental congress meets
-British captured the capital
-replay of the battle of long island
-british victory
-congress ends up meeting in Lancaster
-washington does counterattack in Germantown and loses

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Valley Forge (1777-1778)

Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army-a lack of stable supplies and munitions.

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Formerly part of Frederick the Great's staff, the Prussian Steuben was recommended by Ben Franklin to George Washington. Accepted by the Continental Congress, Steuben joined Washington at Valley Forge, and began training the army. Appointed major general and inspector general in May 1777, he aided in the Battle of Monmouth, then spent two years writing the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, an army training manual. Sent to Virginia in 1780 to oppose Benedict Arnold's actions, illness caused him to turn over his troops to Lafayette, but Steuben recovered in time to aid in the siege of Yorktown.

Battle of Monmouth (June 1778)

This battle vindicated von Steuben's work. The Americans quickly and professionally took their places and repulsed the British attacks.

Southern Theater

-british think they will find support in south
-captures charleston and work their way up to north british
-started loyalist regimens who fought british

Battle of Camden 1780

a major British victory in the South, where general Horatio Gates' untrained and tired militiamen were no match for General Lord Cornwallis' army.

General Francis Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

Battle of King's Mountain (1780)

October 7, 1780, was a decisive Patriot victory in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. Frontier militia loyal to the United States overwhelmed the Loyalist American militia led by British Major Patrick Ferguson

Battle of Cowpens, 1781

An overwhelming victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the
Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British, part of a chain of events leading to the Patriot victory at Yorktown.

Battle of Guilford Courthouse (1781)

battle between the forces of Cornwallis and Greene near Guilford Courthouse (modern day Greensboro, N.C.) The British won a thin victory in the battle, but the win sapped much of the British strength.

Nathanael Greene

American general who commanded the Continental army in the South

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

Yorktown (1781)

The British plan to defeat the colonists consisted of conquering the colonies from the south all the way to the north. When Cornwallis arrived at Yorktown, the French blocked the waterways while Washington's men surrounded his troops. This marked the end of English control over the American colonies. French navy & army, Continental army, and American militia coordinated the successful strategy

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Confederation Congress

Central government set up by Articles of Confederation (1781-89). No executive or judicial branches. Unicameral legislature with no power to tax or regulate interstate commerce (intentionally weak to prevent tyranny). One state one vote, supermajority (9/13) to pass important laws, unanimous vote to amend (our constitution is unconstitutional!)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

Rebellion of debtor farmers in Massachusetts led by Daniel Shays. After the rebellion was
crushed by the Massachusetts state militia, many prominent American leaders called for a
strengthening of the national government to prevent such rebellions in the future.

Mount Vernon Conference

A meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss navigation of rivers, but turned into discussion of trade problems between states

Annapolis Convention (1786)

A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. A dozen commissioners form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government's debts to Revolutionary War veterans. Little was accomplished, except for the delegates to recommend that a further convention be held to discuss changes to the form of the federal government; the idea was endorsed by the Confederation Congress in February, 1878, which called for another convention to be held in May that year in Philadelphia.

Philadelphia Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population.

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that Congress should be composed of a Senate, in which States would be represented equally, and a House, in which representation would be based on a State's population.

Slavery and the Constitution

slave trade, three-fifths clause, Fugitive Slave law: Although the word "slavery" was not used in the Constitution, the idea surfaces in three places in the Constitution: the three-fifths clause, which lessened the power of the voting south by making the votes of three slaves equal that of five white votes; the Fugitive Slave Law, which captured and returned runaway slaves who fled into free territories, and lastly Congress' option to ban the slave trade in Washington D. C. after 1808 (in 20 years)

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Bill of Rights, 1791

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

US and French Revolution

U.S. declared neutrality during French Revolution

French Revolution (1789)

Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution. This uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas.

The election of 1796 saw

A. a Federalist president (Adams) and a Republican vice-president (Jefferson) take office

XYZ Affair (1797)

Incident that precipitated an undeclared war with France when three French officials demanded that American emissaries pay a bribe before negotiating disputes between the two countries.
*Historical Significance:*
Led to the Quasi-War with France; convinced John Adams to strengthen the U.S. navy.

Quasi War with France

Undeclared naval conflict between the United States and its former allies, the French. Diplomatic tension led to mutual attacks on shipping, and between French and American naval vessels. Both sides sought peace, and the Convention of 1800 ended the brief conflict.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

Election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party.

Jeffersonian economic policies

-cut spending -begin paying off the national debt
-eliminate internal federal taxes
-fund treasury department

Barbary Wars

President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to protect American ships from the Barbary pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations that lasted from 1801 to 1805.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

the acquisition by the United States of America of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana in 1803. What was purchased was France's claim only, not the actual territory, which belonged to the tribes which inhabited the area. Napoleon Bonaparte

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. Aided by the young Shawnee woman Sacagawea