Human Psychology

Describe the domains/topics that developmentalists study

Prenatal (conception to birth) -Infancy (birth to 3) -Early childhood (3-6) -Middleschool(6-12) -adolescence (12-20) -middle adulthood (20-40)

-late adulthood (60+)

bronfenbrenner ecological

developmental is dynamic process, nonlinear, many moving parts

-mirco, meso, exo, macro, chrono

-psychoanalytic perspective-Freud

-personality, id, ego, superego

-psychosexual stage

-oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

-erikson- psychosocial

downplay id

-lightlight ego- dynamic of parent and child

-behavioral (3 people)

skinner: operant condition, reinforcements

-pavlov- classical conditions, initial connection

-watson- thinking isn't that simplistic

-Social learning

-vicarious learning, observational learning

behavioral tradition

continuity, things can be stronger/weaker

-scientific method

-identify a problem, ask a question

-hypothesis

-2+ variables, measurable

-confirmation/disconfirmation

-testing data

-primary data collection

-secondary data analysis

-sharing

-true experiment (stronger)

-cause and effect

-independent and dependent variable (causality)

-random assignment crucial

-control instituted by researcher

correlation

-no control, no random assignment

-pearson r/correlation coefficient

-relationship/association

-longitudinal (stronger)

trends/patterns/straight line

-data gathered on 1+ occasion

Weakness:

-tracking subjects overtime

-not enough people->can't get good info

-cross sectional

-not following people, count 1 time

-cohort effect can be problematic

-loss trend info

-cross sequential

-cross and longitudinal

-capture potential cohorts

gene

segment of DNA along the length of chromosome

-transmitted by the chromosomes of the mom and dad come together

gametes

sex cells, sperm and ovum

- fraternal twins (dizygotic)

-release and fertilization of two ova

-identical twins (monozygotic)

zygote duplicates into two clusters that develop into two individuals

-same genetic makeup

dominant-recessive(heterozygous)

only one allele affects, dominant, recessive is the second allele

-allele for dark hair is dominant (DD) compared to blond (Dd)

-phenylketonuria:affects the way the body breaks down protein in food

-damage in central nervous system

incomplete dominance (heterozygous)

both allele are expressed in phenotype resulting in combined trait, intermediate between the two

-sickle cell anemia can occur

X linked

: allege is carried on X chromosome

males more likely to be affected, their sex chromosomes do not match

-hemophilia- blood fails to clot normally

Genomic

alleles are imprinted within the genome where one paired member is activated

-often temporary

mutation

sudden but permanent change in DNA segment

-caused by hazardous environment

polygenic

many genes affect characters in question

-difference in weight, intelligence, personality

chromosomal abnormalities

-mistakes during meiosis, chromosome pair does not separate properly or breaks apart

-down syndrome

failure of first 21 paris of chromosomes

-extra chromosome, 3 rather then 2

-error during prenatal cell duplication (mosaic pattern)

-sex chromosomes issues

rarely survive

-having extra chromosome(X or Y), absence of 1 X in females

-First Trimester

germinal (1-2 weeks)

-forms blastocyst, feed and protect developing organism forms

embryo (3-4 weeks)

-brain, spinal cord, heart, muscles, ribs, backbone

first trimester

embryo (5-8 weeks)

 inch

-external body structures (face, legs, toes)

-internal organs, sense of touch

fetus (9-12 weeks) first tirmester

3 inches

-rapid size increase

-nervous system, organs more organized

-kicking, thumb sucking, mouth opening

-external genitals

Second Trimester

(13-24)

-12 inches

-mother can feel movement, brains neurons in place, eyes sensitive

-Third Trimester

(25-38)

-20 inches

-lungs mature, brain development, layer of fat under skin, antibodies transmitted, upside down position

teratogen

refers to environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period

dose teratogen

larger dose over longer time have more negative effect

1.During Meiosis, what happens to the matching x-shaped chromosomes?

-These chromosomes during meiosis undergo crossing over, which is a process that involves their lining up and the strands of each breaking and being shared in order to randomize allelic variation in linked genes.

2.  What 2 things must a blastocyst do in order to survive?

-break out of zona and find source of nourishment

3.  What happens if the dividing zygote accidentally separates into two?

-identical twins, two embryos 

4.  What is gastrulation?

-blastocyst is size of poppy seed, cells start to organize into embryo 

5.  The 3 layers of cells created during gastrulation are destined for 3 different functions.  Describe what each will become.

Bottom layer (endoderm=inner skin)- liver, lungs, digestive system

-Middle layer (mesoderm=middle skin)-heart, muscles, bones, blood

-Top layer (ectoderm= outer skin)-nervous system, brain and spinal cord, skin, hair

6  Discuss how sex is determined

If the fertilizing sperm cell contains an X chromosome, the egg will develop into a female. If it contains a Y chromosome, it will develop into a male.