theory final review

Where is the blueprint for all inherited traits found?

In the chromosomes.

What type of family is characterized by living with biological parents and siblings?

Nuclear family.

What is the expected weight of a baby at 1 year if it weighs 7 lb at birth?

21 lb.

At what age can most babies sit up without support?

By 7 months.

How long should a mother wait before introducing solid food to her infant?

4 to 6 months.

What is the best advice for introducing solid foods to an infant?

Introduce one solid food at a time several days apart.

In what pattern does muscular development progress in babies?

Cephalocaudal.

At what age do children typically reach maturity for toilet training?

18 to 24 months.

How can a family best assist a toddler who is attempting to feed himself?

Offer the child finger foods.

Which of Piaget's stages describes a child with an imaginary friend?

Preoperational stage.

What is the primary focus of care for a 14-year-old male patient after a leg amputation?

Body image.

What is the cognitive developmental level of the adolescent according to Piaget?

Formal operational stage.

What is the most likely experience of a 25-year-old during a physical assessment?

Optimal level of functioning.

What occurs if intimacy is not established in adulthood according to Erikson?

Isolation.

What is the leading cause of death in young adults?

Accidents.

What condition is indicated by night sweats and mood swings in a 53-year-old woman?

Menopause

What is the term for age-related hearing loss?

Presbycusis

What is the term for prejudice against older adults?

Ageism

What theory suggests a hereditary basis for aging?

Biological programming theory

What results from failing to achieve ego integrity in late adulthood?

Despair

What safety suggestion should a home health nurse make to reduce fall risks for an 85-year-old?

Excess furniture be removed

What age-related change increases susceptibility to respiratory infections in older adults?

Age-related changes in the respiratory system

What family pattern features unequal relationships with strict parental control?

Autocratic family pattern

Which family pattern is least open to outside influence?

Autocratic family pattern

What family pattern has the male assuming the dominant role?

Patriarchal family pattern

What family pattern has the female in primary dominance in childcare and homemaking?

Matriarchal family pattern

What family pattern allows adult members to function as equals?

Democratic family pattern

What stage of family development begins when a couple acknowledges they are considering marriage?

Engagement/commitment stage

What stage of family development extends from the wedding until the birth of the first child?

Establishment stage

What is the engagement/commitment stage of family development?

The engagement/commitment stage begins with the wedding and continues until the birth of the first child, involving adjustment to married life.

What is the expectant stage of family development?

The expectant stage begins when conception occurs and continues through the pregnancy.

What is the parenthood stage of family development?

The parenthood stage begins at the birth or adoption of the first child.

What stage of family development involves grown children departing from home?

The disengagement stage.

What is the last stage in the life cycle?

The senescence stage.

How much weight is an infant expected to gain per month during the first 5 months of life?

Approximately 1.5 pounds per month.

What should a neonate's weight be at 1 year if they weighed 7 lb 3 oz at birth?

21 lb 9 oz.

What is the expected height of a child at 1 year if they are 22 inches at birth?

33 inches.

What is the average apical heart rate for a 2-month-old infant?

About 120 beats/min.

What is the average resting respiratory rate for a 12-month-old child?

About 30 breaths/min.

What can a 2-month-old infant do?

Hold its head up while in the prone position.

What can a 4-month-old infant do?

Hold head at a 90-degree angle while prone.

What should a mother offer her infant for oral hygiene?

Sips of clear water.

When should solid foods be introduced into an infant's diet?

Only one new food should be introduced at a time.

What is the leading cause of injury and death among infants and young children?

Accidents.

Which finding is considered abnormal when assessing a toddler?

Cyanotic nail beds.

What theory of aging suggests that the body becomes less able to tolerate the 'self'?

Free radical theory.

What are normal assessment findings in a toddler?

Lumbar lordosis (convex lumbar curve) and a protruding abdomen.

Which theory of aging suggests that the body becomes less able to tolerate the 'self'?

Autoimmunity theory.

Which theory of aging suggests a natural withdrawal between the individual and society?

Disengagement theory.

Which theory of aging suggests that older individuals who are more socially active adjust better to aging?

Activity theory.

Which theory of aging emphasizes previously developed coping abilities for adjustment to old age?

Continuity theory.

What measures can reduce the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome?

Place infants on their back to sleep and avoid soft bedding.

What safety rule should be included in a teaching plan for parents of infants?

Remove plants from the child's reach.

In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child use senses and motor abilities?

Sensorimotor stage.

In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child demonstrate object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage.

In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child show egocentric thinking?

Preoperational thought.

In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child apply logical operations?

Concrete operational thought.

In which stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child use a systematic problem-solving approach?

Formal operational thought.

What risk does an infant face if abandoned by their primary caregiver according to Erikson?

Mistrust.

What stages are included in separation anxiety?

Detachment and Protest.

What are the phases of separation anxiety?

Protest, despair, and detachment.

What challenges do young adults face?

Starting a family, selecting housing, job security, relations with extended family, establishing intimacy.

What is the final stage of human growth and development?

Death.

What common reaction to the care of the dying is exhibited by a nurse who hastens through care?

Withdrawal.

What change has occurred due to health care reimbursement measures regarding terminally ill patients?

More patients die at home.

How does a perceived loss differ from an actual loss?

A perceived loss is easily overlooked.

What stage of grief is a daughter in when she cries out, 'No! Oh, God, no!'?

Denial.

What should a nurse do before approaching a grieving family member?

Assess level of resolution.

What fear is recognized when a dying patient frequently uses the call light?

Fear of abandonment.

What should a nurse ascertain before involving family in the care of a dying patient?

Whether the family wants to assist in care.

What indicates unresolved grief for a widowed patient?

The patient tearfully says, 'I can't believe he is gone.'

What is a realistic goal for a care plan for a terminally ill patient?

The patient will function optimally.

What is the rationale for parents visiting with their deceased infant?

Make the death a reality.

What do children fear as death approaches?

Abandonment.

What is the mother expressing when she says, 'I am so sorry' after her child's death?

Guilt.

What is the termination of tube feedings to a dying patient considered?

Passive euthanasia

How is a durable power of attorney helpful to an incapacitated patient?

It directs an agent to make health care decisions.

Which stage of Kübler-Ross's stages of dying is demonstrated by a spouse stating, 'You must be mistaken'?

Denial

What stage of dying is a patient demonstrating if they feel overwhelmingly lonely and have withdrawn from interactions?

Depression

What understanding of death does a child aged 5 to 9 years have?

The child associates death with aggression.

What is the process of resolution of hurt and reestablishment of life after bereavement called?

Grief process

At what age does older adulthood begin?

Age 65 and above

What is important to stress for the prevention of cardiac disease, falls, and depression in older adults?

Exercise

When was the Social Security Act passed?

1935

What should a nurse advise an older adult with pruritus to avoid?

Antibacterial soap

How often should a bedfast patient be turned to avoid pressure injuries?

Every 2 hours

What is a dietary requirement for older adults compared to younger adults?

Fewer calories

What is the most likely cause of an older adult's loss of appetite?

Loss of taste buds

What position should an older adult be in to aid swallowing?

Chin down

What should the nurse suggest to fulfill calcium needs for a patient with milk intolerance?

Yogurt

What is the most likely cause of nocturia in older adults?

Decrease in bladder capacity

What is the correct terminology for incontinence that occurs when sneezing?

Stress incontinence

What change related to aging affects the circulatory system?

Decreased blood vessel elasticity

What should be suggested to a patient to aid with the pain of claudication?

Rest

What is the method of breathing recommended for patients with COPD to promote inhalation of adequate oxygen?

Pursed-lip breathing

What respiratory condition are older adults at increased risk for due to decreased resistance to infections?

Pneumonia

What age-related skeletal change is associated with COPD that affects air exchange?

Kyphosis

What is a major difference between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is inflammatory

What are older adults at increased risk for due to age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system?

Falls related to posture changes

What is a likely cause of a fall in an older adult when changing positions?

Orthostatic hypotension