Federal Gov. Proffesor Uhlir Exam 3

12th

President + Vice president “electors vote for ticket”

13th

Slaves in the northern territories are free (Except forced labor if convicted of a felony)

14th

Grants’ citizenship to all born in U.S. (including formerly enslaved people) -guarantees all citizens equal protection and due process (Except Native Americans)

15th

All minority males gain right to vote (except Native Americans)

16th

Income Tax (congress power to lay and collect taxes)

17th

Direct election of senators

18th

(Can no longer do when 18) Prohibition: outlawed manufacturing, distribution, sale, and transportation of alcohol

19th

Women’s suffrage (right to vote)

20th

“Lame Duck” President elected in Nov. if dies before taken date, VP takes office and appoints new VP

21st

Repeal of prohibition

22nd

(2) 2 term limits for president - If VP takes over then only a day less than 10 years max

23rd

(3) 3 electoral votes in the electoral college in DC

24th

Elimination of poll tax during federal elections (no imposing taxes on voters during election)

25th

Order of succession (What happens when president is removed and process for filling VP)

26th

Lowers the voting age from 21 to 18

27th

Congress can not vote to give itself a pay raise

Electoral college

Each state has popular vote - electoral vote for whoever wins popular

How does each state determine how many electoral vote it has?

Votes= Senate 2 + House reps 1 or 3 if small 

Census

Every 10 years “take actual count”

Winning state popular vote =

Wining electoral vote

Constituency

People you represent (not for president)

To win electoral college

270 out of 535

Who votes

Educated, non-minorities, women

Democratic voters

Low education, university effect, 18-25, 65+, lowest eco status, hollywood, minorities, all others

University effect

1. young attitudes

2. Theory vs. application (positive impact universities have on people)

Republican voters

Highest education, 25-65, higher eco status, business, non-minorities, men

Socialization

Process of gaining values and beliefs through interacting with others

Values

Good + desirable

Beliefs

True

Onion

Beliefs - center, values - middle, opinions - outside shell

Agents of socialization

Parents, teachers, peers, etc.)

Side w/ friends on

Opinions

Side w/ parents on

Beliefs

Culture

The sum of values + beliefs of a group of people

Surveys

To know what we want (inaccurate)

Random sample

Every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected for survey

Halo effect

Making ourselves look better than we are

Men lie

Depending on who’s asking

Leading question

A question that is phrased to lead to a desired answer 

Salience

Full knowledge on a subject

Intensity

How deeply you feel about it (more you care = more you will vote concerning it)

Generational effect

Different generations experience events that shape their perspective “Communal”

Life cycle effect

Entering new stage of life (ex. parent or married) your views change “Individual”

Ideology

Consistent set of values + beliefs of gov./ politics 

Rational choice theory

Humans are rational actors (act on preference) - humans have tendency to work within comfort zone

Libertarians

Freedom>Order + Equality

Facists

Order>Equality + Freedom

Liberals

E > F > O

Conservatives

O > F > E

Socialists

E > O > F

Communists

O > E > F

Communist

Politicians decide

Socialization

Mix of both private + gov.

Social policies

Paid for by taxes

The means of production

Economics, capitalists (Private) - supply + demand 

Voting participation

Conventional + Unconventional

Conventional

Legal

1. Supportive - continue 

2. Influencing - change

Unconventional Legal

Sign petition, protest, etc.

Unconventional illegal

1. Civil disobedience (goal: be arrested)

2. Plain illegal (does not want to be arrested)

Adversial

"_____________ (plaintiff) vs _______________ (defendant)"

Standing

Has to have been damaged in some way 

No standing

Case thrown out

Standing types

Collective: Society/ group

Individual: One

Appeal to appellate court

Panel of judges (determine if lower courts did it right)

Writ of certiorari

Supreme court taking the case

Stare decisis 

Precedent: Supreme court decision that every court below has to follow

Opinion

Majority → Outcome

Dissenting Opinion 

Do not agree w/ outcome

Concurring Opinion 

Agree w/ outcome but for different reason

Federal district court

Below supreme court

Retrospective voters

Decides who to vote for based on past of candidate

Prospective voters

Makes decisions based on what they promise to do

Party column ballot

Person on left will be same party as governor (favors party in power

Office block ballot

Whoever currently holds office comes first on the left (favors person in power)

Primary elections

Determines who runs in upcoming presidential election (a yr before presidential)

General elections

Determines who gets seat

Diff types of primaries

Open, closed, blanclet, white

Raiding

Vote for the worst to increase your party win

Smith Vs. Allright

Supreme court case that ends white primaries

Special elections

Not regularly scheduled + can be about anything

Recall Elections

2 votes

1. Will we have a recall?

2. Yes or no to get rid of elected official

Runoff elections

If no one won majority, they pick 2

Initiatives elections

We the people create ideas of what to vote on

Referendums elections

Controversial decisions

Special taxes elections

Votes on tax burdens

Split ticket voters

Votes for different candidates and parties 

Straight ticket voters

Click one button to vote for a singular party

Independent

Dealignment - Not aligning w/ party (split ticket voters)

Realignment

When a social group switches to a different party

Common Law

• Accepted practice of society

• Ex post Facto

Ex post facto

After the fact law (cannot be punished for crime committed before law is set)

Statutory law

Laws statured - legally written law

Bill of attainder

Hold entire group w/ out trial

Judicial restraint

Original meaning of constitution (supreme court views)

Judicial activism

Current needs of constitution (supreme court views)

Extrapolation

Census method to estimate population using math

Requirements to be U.S. president

1. At least 35

2. Natural-born citizen

3. Have been a resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years

Use of force 

Men want women don’t 

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Court decision that decided race segregation did not violate the U.S. constitution

Contested seat

2 viable candidates (close election)