NB 1

4 aspects of the WHO: ICF Model

Health Condition
Body Functions and Structures
Activities and Participation
Environmental and Personal Factors

Incidence

new cases diagnosed

Prevalence

total cases (new + existing)

Dualism

mind and body are separate

Monism

mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

Cognitiion

mandatory mental functions of being a person: attention, memory, executive function, and language

Holism

idea that the whole brain works together without distinguishing individual parts

Connectionism

supported by the first neuroscientists like Broca and Wernicke - idea of networks of brain areas that work together

Localizationism

idea that specific regions of the brain do specific functions

Phrenology

idea that the texture and shape of the brain determine personality, skills, etc. - one area does one specific thing

Systems Neuroscience

between connectionism and localizationism - recognizes nodes in networks, but also that one region connects to many other regions and function is determined by the region it interacts with

Coronal section

divides structure into front and back portions

Sagittal section

divides structure into left and right portions

Transverse section

divides structure into upper and lower potions

Anatomic orientation

patient's left & right identical to left & right sides of the clinician

Clinical orientation

patient's right & left sides respectively the clinician's left & right

Superior

from a high position

Inferior

from a low position

Anterior (ventral below neck)

toward the stomach

Posterior (dorsal below neck)

toward the back

Lateral

away from the body's midline - TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT

Medial

toward the body's midline

Proximal

point nearest limb's attachment - NEAR

Distal

point farthest from limb's attachment - FAR

Peripheral

toward the outer surface

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on the opposite side

Decussation

crossing over to the other side

Dorsal (above brainstem)

up

Ventral (above brainstem)

down

Rostral

anterior// toward snout

Caudal

posterior// toward tail

Abduction

moving structures apart

Adduction

bringing structures together

Flexion

bending a joint

Extension

straightening out a joint

Supine

face/ventral surface is up

Pronate

face/ventral surface is down

Resting tremor

shaking when muscle is at rest

Action tremor

shaking associated with voluntary muscle activity

Akinesia

lack of voluntary muscle control

Bradykinesia

slow voluntary muscle activity

Dystonia

issues with muscle tone, abnormal posture resulting from sustained muscle contraction

Dyskinesia

Abnormal or involuntary muscle movement (e.g. squirming)

Myoclonus

sudden contraction of a single muscle group (e.g. the sudden jerking we experience while falling asleep)

Ticks

abnormal sudden muscle reactions and movements, repetitive over a long period of time

Voluntary muscle control

occurs when a person chooses to contract their muscles

Sketetal/striated muscles

Muscles that perform voluntary movement

Involuntary/autonomic muscle control

control associated with internal and vital organs

Cardiac muscles

muscles of the heart// involuntary

Smooth muscles

internal organs and glands// primarily digestive//involuntary

Monoplegia

paralysis of one limb

Paraplegia

paralysis of both legs

(Upper) diaplegia

paralysis of both arms

Triplegia

paralysis of three limbs

Quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

Hemiplegia

paralysis of limbs on one side (e.g. right arm and right leg)

Paresis

partial/disrupted ability to move muscle

Developmental perspective

lens thatvlooks at the relationship between anatomical development and (especially embryonic development) and human behavior

Anatomical perspective

lens that looks at the structures of the nervous system: cells, lobes, nuclei, and ganglia

Functional perspective

lens that looks at physiological systems: motor control system, language system, sensory systems

2 major components of the nervous system

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

CNS Structures

cerebral cortex
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem
spinal cord

PNS structures

cranial nerves
spinal nerves

Autonomic nervous system

responsible for involuntary nervous system responses

Sympathetic nervous system

responsible for stimulation of organs for fight and flight (perspiration, pupil dilation, heart rate acceleration)

Parasympathetic nervous system

responsible for relaxation and energy conservation (pupil constriction, decreasing body metabolism, and heart rate deceleration)

Somatic nervous system consists of

motor and sensory systems

Autonomic nervous system consists of

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Motor system

somatic efferent system: skeletal muscles

Sensory system

somatic afferent system// sensory information from body

Neuroanatomy

study of structure of the nervous system

Neurophysiology

study of function of the nervous system

Neurology

study of diseases of the nervous system

Afferent

sensory// toward the central nervous system

Efferent

motor// away from the central nervous system

Somatic

pertaining to the body

Visceral

pertaining to the internal organs, particularly of the abdominal region

Ipsi-

same

Contra-

opposite

Neuron

nerve cell

Processes

things that stick out, e.g. axons and dendrites

Gray matter

made up of cell bodies// unmyelinated fibers

White matter

made up of axons// myelinated bodies

Glia

support cells// remove waste, among other functions

Ganglion

collection of functionally related cell bodies in the PNS

Nucleus (CNS)

collection of functionally related cell bodied in central NS

Tract and fasciculus

two types of pathways in the CNS

Nerve

pathways in the PNS

Stria

band of fibers

Colliculus

prominence, bump, raised area

Sulcus

infolding valley in the brain

Gyrus

outfolding hills in the brain

Fissure

significant separation

Cerebrum

two hemispheres// higher functions (cognition, language, memory)// integrates sensorimotor functions and perception

Limbic system

regulates motivational and emotional states

Basal ganglia

regulates motor movements and muscle tone//implicated in Parkinson's and stuttering

Thalamus

mediates sensation to cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus

regulates body functions such as temperature, satiation, water balance, emotional behavior, sexual response (the 4 p's)

Cerebellum

regulates coordination of skilled movemenrs