APUSH America's History Eighth Edition CH 8

Neomercantilist

a system of government-assisted economic development that was embraced by the republican state legislatures.

"A Nation of Merchants"

A name given to America by a British visitor who reported from Philadelphia in 1798.

John Jacob Astor

Migrated from Germany to New York in 1784. Sold dry-goods in western New York and became wealthy by carrying furs from the Pacific Northwest to China and investing in New York City real estate.

Robert Oliver

Worked in an Irish-owned linen firm in Baltimore. Achieved wealth by trading West Indian sugar and coffee.

Second Bank of the United States

chartered in 1816 by National Republican dominated Congress. These banks often were shady operations that issued notes without adequate specie (satisfactory coins) reserves, made loans to insiders and lent generously to farmers buying overpriced land.

Panic of 1819

First major economic crisis of the United States.

John Hoff

Clock maker.

How did governments, banks, and merchants expand American commerce and manufacturing between 1780 and 1820?

They expanded American commerce and manufacturing between 1780 and 1820 by following the idea of rural manufacturing.

Charters between 1793 and 1812

Gave companies special legal status and often included monopoly rights to a transportation route.

Lancaster Turnpike Company

one of the fifty-five charters. Built a 65-mile graded and graveled toll road to Philadelphia. The road boosted the regional economy.

Mill Dam Act of 1795

deprived farmers of their traditional common-law right to stop the flooding and forced them to accept fair compensation for their lost land.

Did state mercantilism (the grant of privileges and charters) embody republican ideology or violate it?

It violated the republican ideology because it infringed on the sovereignty of the governments.

Commonwealth System

republican political economy created by state governments by 1820. Funneled state aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general warfare.

Letters from an American Farmer

created by French-born essayist J.Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur in 1782. Talked about how great lords had everything and herd of people had nothing.

What factors encouraged--inhibited--equality and democracy in early-nineteenth-century American life?

The factors that encouraged equality and democracy in early-nineteenth-century American life were the absence of a hereditary aristocracy and social divisions that reflected personal achievements. The factors that inhibited (prevented) equality and democracy were the old cultural rules and new laws (denied chances to most women and African American men).

Sentimentalism

Originated in Europe as part of the Romantic movement. A physical, sensuous appreciation of God, nature and people. Rejected Enlightenment's emphasis on rational thought.

Companionate Marriages

Marriages contracted from motives of affection rather than of interest.

Demographic Transition

The sharp decline in birthrate in the United States beginning in the 1790s that was caused by changes in cultural behavior, including the use of birth control.

Benjamin Rush

Philadelphia physician. Argued in his "Thoughts on Female Education (1787)" that young women should ensure their husbands' perseverance in the paths of rectitude (morally correct behavior). Called for loyal republican mothers who would instruct their sons in the principles of liberty and government.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens.

How did republican ideals, new economic circumstances, and changing cultural values affect marriage practices?

They affected marriage practices by giving women a higher role in society such as molding their children into republican citizens.

Statutes

written laws that are approved by the legislative.

Authoritarian

favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom.

3 Rs

Reading, 'Riting, 'Rithmetic

Which form of child rearing--the rationalist or the authoritarian--was the most compatible with republican values and why?

Rationalist because republicans don't favor strict obedience to authority (authoritarian).

Dissertation on the English Language

Created by Noah Webster in 1789. Celebrated language as a marker of national identity by defining words according to American usage.

Manumission

Legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves.

Manumission Act in 1782

Virginia repealed this law in 1792 in fear of a large black population threatening ideology of slavery.

Why did aristocratic republicanism develop in the South, and what were its defining features?

It developed in the South because they depended heavily on slaves and built around white supremacy. Its defining features were slavery.

New York Emancipation Act of 1799

allowed slavery to continue until 1828 and freed slave children at the age of twenty-five.

Between 1790 and 1808

South Carolina and Georgia reopened Atlantic slave trade. Merchants in Charleston and Savannah sold Africans to French and American sugar planters in Louisiana.

Emancipation

liberation. process of being set free.

Herrenvolk (Master Race) Republic

restricted individual liberty and legal equality to whites.

Bondage

the state of being a slave.

Philadelphia Convention in 1787

Northern delegates reluctantly accepted clauses allowing slave imports for twenty years and guaranteeing the return of fugitive slaves.

Prince Hall's African Lodge of Freemasons

Secret society located in Boston.

American Colonization Society

An organization founded in 1817. According to Henry Clay a society member, and speaker of the house of representatives, racial bondage hindered economic progress.

Why did the colonization movement of the 1810s fall?

The colonization movement of the 1810s failed because the Africans saw themselves as Americans.

Bethel Church

A separate black congregation formed in 1795 by Richard Allen.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Denomination that had Allen as its first bishop.

Sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

Missouri Compromise

Series of political agreements devised by Henry Clay. North and South devise a deal that allows Maine to enter the Union as a free state in 1820 and Missouri to follow as a slave state in 1821.

What compromises over slavery did Congress make to settle the Missouri crisis?

The compromises they did to settle the Missouri crisis were the exclusion of slavery from most of the Louisiana Purchase and in return Missouri becomes a slave state.

Republican Revolution of 1776

forced American lawmakers to devise new relationships between church and state.

Established church

religious body endorsed by state.

What were the main principles of the new republican religious regime?

The main principles were enlightening people with truth and justice (the main props of government).

North Carolina Constitution of 1776

disqualified any citizens who deny the being of god or truth of the protestant religion from holding office.

Voluntarism

funding of churches by their members.

Unchurched

great number of irreligious Americans.

Second Great Awakening

made the United States a Christian society.

How did evangelical and African American churches differ from other Protestant denominations?

They ignored predestination, doctrines of original sin and biblical passages that prescribed obedience to authority.

Lyman Beecher

accepted traditional Christian belief that people had a natural tendency to sin but rejected predestination. testified to growing belief that people could shape their destiny.

Religious Benevolence

practice of disinterested virtue

Humane Society

founded in New York City. believed that fortunate individuals who received God's Grace or bounty had a duty to donate to their poorer brothers /sisters.

Difference between First and Second Great Awakening

First - split churches into warring factions
Second - fostered cooperation among denominations

Shakers

Founded by Mother Ann Lee in Britain.

How was the Second Great Awakening similar to, and different from, The First Great Awakening of the 1740s?

The First Great Awakening divided the churches while the Second made them cooperate with each other. They were similar by both eras having people wanting to revive people's beliefs in religion.

Why did Protestant Christianity and Protestant women emerge as forces for social change?

They emerged as forces for social changes because of the high amount of people joining religions and cooperating with each other in things like prayer meetings.

Emma Williard

opened the Middlebury Female Seminary in Vermont in 1814. First American advocate of higher education for women.