animal nutrition test 4

What meters fat droplets from the stomach to the small intestine?

pyloric sphincter

This fat digesting enzyme is activated by calcium

lipase

When lipase cleaves the glycerol from the triglyceride, what part of the fatty acid is exposed?

the hydrophillic end

Free fatty acids attached to the bile salt is called a?

micelle

Which of the following hormones increase fat storage?

insulin

In the rumen, glycerol can be used by the microbes to make what energy source?

VFAs

Fatty acid synthesis starts with what compound?

Acetyl CoA

Fatty acid synthesis will continue until fatty acids are how many carbons in length?

16

Beta oxidation of a 12 carbon fatty acid will be broken down to which of the following?

6 Acetyl CoA

Where does fatty acid digestion begin in the cow?

rumen

Fatty acids are synthesized _____________ at a time.

1 Acetyl CoA

Where does fatty acid digestion begin in the pig?

Duodenum

What is the chemical secreted in the stomach that starts protein digestion?

HCl

Name the enzyme produced by the chief cells of the stomach

pepsin

Which of the following continues protein digestion in the duodenum?

all of the above

What is the end product of protein digestion in the small intestine?

AA

What is the primary end product of feed protein digestion in the hindgut?

MCO protein

Which of the two methods listed below for protein digestion is the most efficient for the horse?

-Small intestine digestion

-Hindgut digestion

small intestine digestion

Amino acids are deaminated by microorganisms.  What are the two products of deamination?

NH3 + carbon skeleton

NH₃ from deamination may be used to form:

a. Urea

b. MCO protein

c. VFA

a. and b.

the carbon skeleton from deamination may be used to form

a. Urea

b. MCO protein

c. VFA

b. and c.

Which best describes non-protein nitrogen (urea) utilization by microorganisms:

MCO deaminate the urea and use the NH3 + carbon skeleton to synthesize MCO protein

he following equation would be best described as the:

(Nutrient Intake – (fecal output of nutrient + urinary output of nutrient))/Nutrient intake x 100

Apparent Nutrient Retention

The following equation would be best described as the:

  (Nutrient Intake – fecal output of nutrient)/Nutrient intake x 100

Apparent Digestibility Coefficient of nutrient

The product label of a diet includes:

a. Whether an animal will consume it

b. Guaranteed analysis

c, Ingredients list

d. Digestibility of the diet

b. and c.

How does lipid digestion differ in ruminants?

Microbes digest lipids instead of lipase

What is a galactolipid?

Glycerol + galactose + free fatty acids

What hormones decrease fat storage?
a) Insulin
b) Epinephrine
c) Cortisol
d) Glucagon
e) Growth hormone
f) All of the above
g) All except insulin
h) All except cortisol

g) all except insulin

How does triglyceride composition differ between ruminants and monogastrics?

Monogastric animals deposit triglycerides as they are consumed, unsaturated or saturated. Ruminants deposit triglycerides as saturated fat only

How long are fat-soluble vitamins and cholesterol stored?

30-90 days

What is the difference between ruminants and monogastrics in terms of lipid production in mammary tissue?

Monogastrics have milk fat derived from glucose in their mammary tissues. Ruminants derive their milk fat mainly from acetate, propionate increase efficiency

What are the sources of Acetyl CoA?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Proteins

c) VFAs

d) Degraded fats

e) All of the above

e) all of the above

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place in the cell?

cytosol

How quick is protein turnover?

Occurs daily, creating a daily need for protein intake

What is biological value?

the relationship of nitrogen retention to nitrogen absorption of a protein source.
(perfect protein BV = 100)

What are ketogenic amino acids?

Can be converted to Acetyl CoA and later ketones

What are the ketogenic amino acids?

Lysine and Leucine

What are glucogenic amino acids?

Can be converted to intermediates of the Krebs cycle and eventually glucose

What are the glucogenic amino acids?

Glycine, alanine, threonine, cystine, and methionine

What is different about the horse compared to the ruminant protein digestion?

Horse's microorganisms break down protein, but it occurs after the primary site of absorption, whereas the rumen is before the primary site of absorption for ruminants.

what are the three main functions of lipids?

energy source, carrier for absorption, carrier of essential fatty acids

What are the 3 EFA’s and what type and number of bonds are present?

Linoleic (18 C, 2 db)

Linolenic (18C, 3 db)

Arachidonic (20 C, 4 db)

What are the end products of TGs during ruminant digestion?

Glycerol + free fatty acids

How are TGs stored in the body?

As adipose tissue

Describe the apparent digestibility coefficient

How much the animal consumes and how much is found in the feces determines the digestibility

Describe apparent nutrient retention.

Tells us list of ingredients, analysis of diet. Doesn’t tell us if the animal will consume it, if it is digestible, or if it is utilized