Chapter 1 – Immune Overview

2018 Nobel Prize

Given for cancer cell immunology research

PDL1

Suppresses immune response

PD1

Receptor on cells that binds L-ligand for “good” signal

aPDL1

Used to stop cancer from producing extra PDL1 receptors

Macrophages

Immune cell that can be stimulated in cancer treatment

Passive Innate Immunity

Antibodies that are already present

Active Innate Immunity

Antibodies are produced through antigen exposure

Active Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

Generated by B-cells and T-cells

Passive Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

Giving venom, HIV antibodies, etc. (uncommon)

Humoral Immunity

Soluble, nonliving immunity from body fluids (ex. antibodies)

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Facilitated by leukocytes

Leukocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Complement System

Fast innate immunity, related to creating antibodies due to PAMP exposure

PAMP

Pathogen Associate Molecular Pattern found on infecting cells

PRR

Pattern-Recognition Receptor found on immune cells to identify PAMPs

Tolerance

The ability of cells to recognize and not attack certain other cells

Original Generation of Diversity

One cell has many different receptors (false)

Paul Erlich

Proposed original generation of diversity theory

Generation of Diversity

Recombination produces many different receptors on individual separate cells

Clonal selection

A cell proliferates when it encounters its specific antigen (used in B-cells and T-cells before specialization)

Immune Adaptive Response Period

Full activation requires about 5-6 days for the primary response

Lymph Nodes

Junctions between immune system vessels and blood vessels

Inflammation

Stimulates the body for more nutrients, blood, etc.

Tumor-Promoting Inflammation

Mimics normal inflammation to obtain more resources to grow

Hypersensitivity Disorders

Examples are allergies and autoimmune disease

Hyposensitivity Disorders

Examples are immune deficiency or immune imbalance

Variolation

Chinese and Turks took dried smallpox and inserted it into cut skin (early “vaccine”)

Edward Jenner

Discovered cowpox inoculation for smallpox

Inoculation

Early vaccine discovered by Edward Jenner

Louis Pasteur

Discovered many vaccines, originally from cholera

Vaccine

Deliberate exposure to a disease to obtain immunity

Attenuated Strain Bacteria

Weakened bacteria used in many vaccines, originally in cholera

Herd Immunity

A disease cannot spread due to the population being immune

Antigen

Anything that causes a response by leukocytes

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Pathogenesis

The process of inducing disease

4 Major Pathogens

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites

Damage Model

The way cells recognize “healthy” versus “bad” cell death (ex. apoptosis or viral infection)

Cytokines

Messenger proteins that stimulate immune response

Immunologic Memory

Adaptive arm of immune system that allows for quicker response (not innate immunity)

Primary Response

Clonal selection and specialization slowly select and produce the necessary lymphocytes to fight the pathogen

Secondary Response

Much faster than primary response due to memory cells

Anaphylaxis

Sudden extreme overreaction to a previous immune exposure (ex. allergies)

Autoimmune Disease

Targeting of self-proteins or tissues due to breakdown of self-tolerance

Immune Deficiency

Insufficiency of immune response

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Result from genetic factors

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

Result from damage/disruption (ex. chemical, physical, biological)

Immune Imbalance

Dysregulation of immune system leading to faulty response, especially increased or reduced inflammation