A-level-Science-Materials-1

Animal Cell

A type of eukaryotic cell that has membrane-bound organelles.

Fluid-Mosaic Model

A model that describes the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of various components.

Electron Microscope

An instrument that uses electrons to magnify samples up to 1 million times.

Cell Membrane

A protective layer that surrounds a cell, controlling what enters and exits.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis.

Mitochondrion

An organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.

Osmoregulation

The process of maintaining water and ion balance in cells.

Limiting Factor

A factor that restricts the rate of a process.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and excreting waste.

Reflection of Light

The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.

Periscope

A tool that allows observation from a hidden position using mirrors.

Electrostatics

The study of electric charges at rest.

Charging by Friction

The process of transferring electrons from one material to another through rubbing.

Charges in Conductors

In conductors, electrons move freely, allowing electricity to flow.

Gold Leaf Electroscope

An instrument used to detect electric charge.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Atoms

The smallest units of matter that maintain the properties of an element.

Mass Spectrometer

An instrument used to measure the masses of different isotopes.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that define how a substance interacts with other substances.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles found in atoms.

Protons

Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Particles that have no charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom.

Fundamental Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are the basic building blocks of atoms.

Relative Abundance

The proportion of a particular isotope found in a sample.

Laws of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Xylem

The vascular tissue responsible for the transport of water in plants.

Electrolytic Process

A chemical reaction induced by passing an electric current through a solution.

Oxidation

A chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons.

Halogens

Reactive non-metals in Group VII of the periodic table.

Salt Producing

The characteristic of halogens to react with metals to form salts.

Chlorine Gas

A yellow-green gas used for disinfection and bleaching.

Hydrogen Peroxide

A chemical compound useful in various chemical reactions, including oxidation.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces that exist between molecules, affecting their physical properties.

Atomic Structure

The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

Relative Atomic Mass

The average mass of an element's isotopes compared to carbon-12.

Electrostatic Induction

Charging an object without direct contact through proximity to a charged object.

Charge Transfer

The movement of electric charge from one material to another.

Nucleus

The positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

Scientific Method

A systematic process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting previous knowledge.

Environmental Factors

Conditions surrounding an organism that influence its growth and development.

Nutrient Absorption

The process by which nutrients are taken into cells and utilized for growth.

Cellular Respiration

The metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy.

Reactants

Substances that undergo a chemical change in a reaction.

Products

Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.

Chemical Bonding

The joining of atoms to form new substances.

Kinetic Energy

The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

Potential Energy

Stored energy based on an object's position or state.

Thermal Energy

The energy that comes from heat, resulting from the movement of particles.

Electromagnetic Waves

Waves that are propagated by simultaneous periodic variations of electric and magnetic field intensity.

Gravitational Force

The force of attraction between two bodies due to their mass.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

Velocity

The speed of an object in a specified direction.

Acceleration

The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time.

Newton's Laws

Three fundamental laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton.

Thermodynamics

The study of heat, work, and energy transformations.

Biological Magnification

The increase in concentration of toxic substances in organisms as one moves up the food chain.

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Sustainable Practices

Methods of using resources that do not deplete them for future generations.

Microorganisms

Tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Catalysts

Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested scientifically.

Variable

Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.

Community Health Systems

Organized efforts to improve health conditions in a community.

Personal Protective Equipment

Clothing and equipment worn by health care providers to prevent exposure to infectious materials.

Local Health Infrastructure

The facilities and resources available for providing health services within a community.

Integrated People-Centered Primary Healthcare

An approach to health that delivers a continuum of care to populations.

Public Health System

A system designed to promote health and prevent disease at a community level.

Infectious Diseases

Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Pandemic Preparedness

The planning and coordination efforts in advance to manage and mitigate the impacts of pandemics.

Health Promotion

Efforts to encourage healthy behaviors and environments.

Disease Prevention

Strategies to prevent the occurrence or progression of diseases.