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Animal Cell
A type of eukaryotic cell that has membrane-bound organelles.
Fluid-Mosaic Model
A model that describes the structure of cell membranes as a mosaic of various components.
Electron Microscope
An instrument that uses electrons to magnify samples up to 1 million times.
Cell Membrane
A protective layer that surrounds a cell, controlling what enters and exits.
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis.
Mitochondrion
An organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.
Osmoregulation
The process of maintaining water and ion balance in cells.
Limiting Factor
A factor that restricts the rate of a process.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and excreting waste.
Reflection of Light
The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.
Periscope
A tool that allows observation from a hidden position using mirrors.
Electrostatics
The study of electric charges at rest.
Charging by Friction
The process of transferring electrons from one material to another through rubbing.
Charges in Conductors
In conductors, electrons move freely, allowing electricity to flow.
Gold Leaf Electroscope
An instrument used to detect electric charge.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms
The smallest units of matter that maintain the properties of an element.
Mass Spectrometer
An instrument used to measure the masses of different isotopes.
Chemical Properties
Characteristics that define how a substance interacts with other substances.
Electrons
Negatively charged particles found in atoms.
Protons
Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons
Particles that have no charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Fundamental Particles
Protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are the basic building blocks of atoms.
Relative Abundance
The proportion of a particular isotope found in a sample.
Laws of Reflection
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Xylem
The vascular tissue responsible for the transport of water in plants.
Electrolytic Process
A chemical reaction induced by passing an electric current through a solution.
Oxidation
A chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons.
Halogens
Reactive non-metals in Group VII of the periodic table.
Salt Producing
The characteristic of halogens to react with metals to form salts.
Chlorine Gas
A yellow-green gas used for disinfection and bleaching.
Hydrogen Peroxide
A chemical compound useful in various chemical reactions, including oxidation.
Intermolecular Forces
Forces that exist between molecules, affecting their physical properties.
Atomic Structure
The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.
Relative Atomic Mass
The average mass of an element's isotopes compared to carbon-12.
Electrostatic Induction
Charging an object without direct contact through proximity to a charged object.
Charge Transfer
The movement of electric charge from one material to another.
Nucleus
The positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.
Scientific Method
A systematic process for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting previous knowledge.
Environmental Factors
Conditions surrounding an organism that influence its growth and development.
Nutrient Absorption
The process by which nutrients are taken into cells and utilized for growth.
Cellular Respiration
The metabolic process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy.
Reactants
Substances that undergo a chemical change in a reaction.
Products
Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.
Chemical Bonding
The joining of atoms to form new substances.
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Potential Energy
Stored energy based on an object's position or state.
Thermal Energy
The energy that comes from heat, resulting from the movement of particles.
Electromagnetic Waves
Waves that are propagated by simultaneous periodic variations of electric and magnetic field intensity.
Gravitational Force
The force of attraction between two bodies due to their mass.
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
Velocity
The speed of an object in a specified direction.
Acceleration
The rate at which an object's velocity changes over time.
Newton's Laws
Three fundamental laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton.
Thermodynamics
The study of heat, work, and energy transformations.
Biological Magnification
The increase in concentration of toxic substances in organisms as one moves up the food chain.
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Sustainable Practices
Methods of using resources that do not deplete them for future generations.
Microorganisms
Tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Catalysts
Substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested scientifically.
Variable
Any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.
Community Health Systems
Organized efforts to improve health conditions in a community.
Personal Protective Equipment
Clothing and equipment worn by health care providers to prevent exposure to infectious materials.
Local Health Infrastructure
The facilities and resources available for providing health services within a community.
Integrated People-Centered Primary Healthcare
An approach to health that delivers a continuum of care to populations.
Public Health System
A system designed to promote health and prevent disease at a community level.
Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Pandemic Preparedness
The planning and coordination efforts in advance to manage and mitigate the impacts of pandemics.
Health Promotion
Efforts to encourage healthy behaviors and environments.
Disease Prevention
Strategies to prevent the occurrence or progression of diseases.
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