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Reptiles are distinguished from amphibians by
terrestrially adapted egg
Reptilian eggs have ( ) extraembryonic membranes:
4; yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
An ( ) embryo is enclosed in the amnion
amniote
The shells of nonavian reptile eggs are
leathery and require a moist environment
The ( ) is the key characteristic of all amniotes
amniotic egg
Yolk sac
blood vessels in ( ) transport yolk nutrients to the circulatory system of the embryo
Chorion
facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
allantois
stores nitrogenous wastes; facilitates respiration
amnion
protects embryo from mechanical shock; supports hydration
Early amniotes diverged into
synapsids and sauropsids
Syanpsids include
theraspids
Sauropsids were divided into
anapsids and diapsids
The key difference between synapsids, anapsids, and diapsids is
the number of fenestrae
Anapsids have ( ) temporal fenestrae
no
Synapsids have ( ) temporal fenestrae
one
Diapsids have ( ) temporal fenestrae
two
Diapsids diverged into two groups:
Archosauromorpha and Lepidosauromorpha
Lepidosaurs include
modern lizards, snakes, and tuataras
Archosaurs include
modern crocodiles and alligators, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and birds
Reptiles are
tetrapods (or descended from tetrapods)
Reptiles reproduce
sexually with internal fertilization
A key adaption of reptiles is the development of
scaly skin, which reduced water lost from the skin
Reptiles cannot use ( ) for respiration
their skin
Most reptiles are
ectotherms
Reptiles have ( ) to help regulate body temperature
behavioral adaptations
In cold weather, some reptiles brumate, which refers to
a state similar to hibernation where the animal becomes less active and can go for long periods without eating
Reptiles originated
approximately 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous period
Pterosaurs are distinct from
true dinosaurs
Dinosaurs include
Saurischia and Ornithischia
Saurischia are
lizard-hipped dinosaurs with a simple, three-pronged pelvis
Ornithischia are
bird-hipped dinosaurs with a pelvis superficially similar to birds
Ornithischia were all
herbivores
Quetzalcoatlus northropi
pterosaur, may be largest flying animal that ever evolved
Pterosaurs have ( ) skeletons with ( ) a bone
ultralight; pteroid
Dinosaurs dominated the ( ) Era
Mesozoic
Class Reptilia has four living clades:
Crocodilia, Sphenodontia, Squamata, and Testudines
Crocodiles are ( ) runners
short distance
Crocodile habitats include
Africa, South America, Southern Florida, Asia, and Australia; freshwater, saltwater, and brackish
Sphenodontia are
Tuataras; Sphenodon punctatus and Sphenodon guntheri
Sphenodontia are found
in New Zealand
Tuataras have
a primitive diapsid skull with biconcave vertebrae, no external ears, and a third (parietal) eye
Squamata include
lizards and snakes
Lizards differ from snakes by having
four limbs
Some lizards can change their skin color by
redistributingg pigment within chromatophores in their skins
Both lizards and snakes use their tongues to
sample the environment, using Jacobson’s organ (pit in roof of mouth) to evaluate the sample
The only venomous lizards are
Gila monster and beaded lizard
An snakes are legless except
boids
Most snakes only have a ( ) functional lung
single
Most snakes have a ( ) skull including
flexible; eight rotational joints
Snake eyes are protected by
a transparent scale
Snakes have no external or middle ear, but
their inner ears are sensitive to ground vibrations
Testudines include
turtles, terrapins, and tortoises
Testudines are characterized by
a bony or cartilaginous shell
The dorsal shell
is called the carapace and includes the backbone and ribs
The ventral shell
is called the plastron
Both shells in testudines are covered with
keratinous plates called scutes
The two living groups of turtles are
Pleurodira and Cryptodira
Pleurodira are characterized by
horizontal neck retraction curve
Cryptodira are characterized by
vertical S-curve neck retraction
All turtles are
oviparous