American History II Test 2

Test

the presidents during the last quarter of the nineteenth century

were weak leaders

The distinction between the Democrats and the Republicans during the late nineteenth century arose from

differences in religious affiliation, geographic location, and ethnic background

the “bloody shirt” issue of the late 1800s referred to

post-Civil War sectional tensions

Many workers in the late nineteenth century supported protective tariffs because they worried that

cheap competition would pressure their employers to lower prices and thus their wages

Blacks in the south were not totally disfranchised or segregated until

southern states enacted literacy test and poll taxes in the 1890s

The opinion of Justice John Marshall Harlan in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson was that

segregation is a legacy of slavery and inconsistent with the Constitution

The vacuity of American politics in the late nineteenth century may have stemmed from

the complacency of the middle-class majority

in the late 1880s the Farmers’ Alliance established cooperatives in order to

buy fertilizer and other supplies at lower prices

Like so many of the presidential candidates in the late nineteenth century, Populist presidential nominee James B. Weaver had

been a general in the Union Army during the Civil War

After the election of 1892, it became clear that the coinage of silver was of

utmost interest to voters

In early 1895, when the Treasury’s gold reserves reached a desperately low point, a banking syndicate headed by J. P. Morgan underwrote a new bond issue and saved the

government from bankruptcy

In the election of 1896, McKinley’s campaign manager, Marcus Alonzo Hanna

raised an enormous campaign fund from business

McKinley and Bryan differed in the election of 1896 in that Bryan’s approch was

parochial, whereas McKinley’s was national

Progressive reformers tended to believe that the solution to social problems was to

change faulty institutions

The theories of Sigmund Freud affected the ideas and behavior of progressive intellectuals becouse

they often used Freud’s ideas as an excuse to reject Victorian prudery

Late-nineteenth-century feminists were handicapped in their campaign for woman suffrage by the Victorian notion the

women were pure guardians of home and family

One of the suffragists’ more successful justifications was the “purity” argument, which stated that

women’s moral superiority would clean up politics if they were given the vote

Theodore Roosevelt believed that the most effective means of dealing with big corporations was to

regulate rather than eliminate them

The best description of the relationship between President Theodore Roosevelt and the chairman of the board of U.S. Steel is a

Gentlemen’s agreement

The primary result of the 1906 Hepburn Act was that

it made Interstate Commerce Commission more effective

Taft’s major liability as President was

his excessive weight

The final break between former President Theodore Roosevelt and his successor, William Howard Taft, was prompted by the

antitrust suit against U.S. Steel

When it came to nonwhites, white progressives tended to be

strongly prejudiced against them

Most Americans’ didn’t have much of an attitude toward foreign affairs after the

Civil War because they gave little thought to foreign affairs

Because of the Alabama claims of 1871, the British paid the United States $15.5 million for

American ships sunk by Confederate cruisers built in England

Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani could best be described as a

determined nationalist

Americans had stronger reasons for extending their influence in Latin American rather than in the Pacific because

they were accustomed to protecting American interests in Latin America under the Monroe Doctrine

In the 1890 an angry dispute erupted between the United States and Great Britain over the

boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana

Before the Spanish-American War, both Hearst’s New York Journal and Pulitzer’s New York World tried to

increase circulation by publishing tales of Spanish atrocities

President William McKinley sent the U.S.S Maine to port of Havana to

provide protection for American citizens there

Around the same time McKinley was sending a war message to Congress, Cubans began

insisting on complete independence even as the Spanish agreed to end the fight

Early in the twentieth century, the United States announced that it must "exercise an international police power” in

the Western Hemisphere in the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

The Open Door policy asked European empires to

respect all nation’s trading rights in China

President Hayes responded to the French attempts to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama by

warning that the United States would not permit a European power to control the waterway

The Panama Canal opened for ship traffic

on the eve of World War I.

The American foreign policy of trying to penetrate underdeveloped areas economically without the problem of governing them was self-defeating because

it was not supported by local people

President Wilson’s basic approach to foreign relations

was to spread the gospel of American democracy to enlighten the unfortunate ignorant

Woodrow Wilson can best be described as

an idealistic president set out to furnish a more moral foreign policy

What most influenced American attitudes towards the two sides in the Great War were

conflicts over freedom of the seas

The leading issue in the presidential election of 1916

way American policy toward the warring powers

as a wartime leader, Wilson was

forceful and inspiring

as a wartime leader, Wilson was

forceful and inspiring

As a result of Wilson’s mobilization of the home front in the war,

the government’s regulation of the economy was extensive

During the Great War, the federal government asked citizens to buy

“Victory” and “Liberty” bonds

Most black Americans reacted to the Great War with optimism that if winning the war made the world safe for democracy,

they would be better off as well

American liberals who took Wilson’s pre-treaty statements literally reacted to the treaty that Wilson brought home from Paris by being

abysmally disappointed by what they considered betrayal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson went on a nationwide speaking tour in September 1919 because he was

hoping to rally popular support for the Versailles Treaty after the Senate had failed to ratify it

One reason why the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the Versailles Treaty was

the refusal of both Woodrow Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge to compromise

The results of the presidential election of 1920

reflected most Americans’ rejection of reform and idealism

The House of the Grand Army of the Republic in the late nineteenth century was

to organize Union veterans of the Civil War

The reason Americans preferred a gold currency over greenbacks indicated that

they did not trust the federal government with governing the currency

Honesty and moderation was such an important asset for Rutherford B. Hayes’ bid for the presidency in 1876 because Hayes succeeded the Grant administration, which

had been by corruption and scandals

southern whites responded to the considerably improved living standards of southern blacks between 1865 and 1900 by

becoming angry and vindictive

Big-city bosses inadvertently played a major part in

Americanizing immigrants

Throughout the mid-1880s farmers on the Plains experienced

bountiful harvests and high wheat prices

Populist Party members saw themselves as a victimized majority betrayed by

the establishment

the debate over the coinage of silver in the late nineteenth century was superficial because

the key question was halting the deflationary of the economy

The Coinage Act of 1873

monetized silver

The central point of William Jennings Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech was that

a gold standard demanded undue sacrifices from Americans

McKinley won the election by carrying states in the

East, Midwest, and Pacific Coast

Theodore Roosevelt called the progressive-era journalists who investigated corruption and fraud in American business and politics

muckrakers

One of the roots of progressivism was the late-nineteenth-century effort to

regulate and control big business

The work of muckrakers at the turn of the century suggested there was

something fundamentally immoral about many Americans

Progressives attempted their first political reforms in

cities

Louis Brandeis defended the ten-hour work limit for female laundry workers in the case of Muller v. Oregon in 1908 on the grounds that

sociological evidence suggested that woman were different and required special protections

States that did not have woman suffrage by 1914 opposed the

Nineteenth Amendment in the House of Representatives tended to be located in the south

Compared to his successors from Hayes to McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt was different in the he was

energetic, aggressive, and outspoken

Roosevelt reacted to the creation of the Northern Securities Company by

suing to have it dissolved under the Sherman Antitrust Act

Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle exposed

filthy conditions in Chicago slaughterhouses

The Pure Food and Drug Act passed congress without difficulty because

it came on the heels of the Meat Inspection Act

Taft got into political hot water in the 1910 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy which dealt with

conservation

Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 platform included

restoration of competition

Progressives like Woodrow Wilson reacted to black militancy by

being actively hostile to blacks

American attitudes toward Europe in the late nineteenth century were characterized by

suspicion of European society as decadent and aristocratic

One reason for the growing support for an overseas empire among Americans after the Civil War was

the desire to carry out God’s will to spread the virtues of the Anglo-Saxon race beyond North America

Queen Liliuokalani’s '“Hawaii for Hawaiians” movement led to an

American-led coup and the abolition of the monarchy

President Cleveland’s reactions to the possibility of annexing Hawaii were to

withdraw the treaty annexing Hawaii from the Senate, but refuse to oust the American revolutionaries by force

The conclusion of the border dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela led to the dangerous illusion that

Americans could achieve their foreign policy with threat and bluster

Faced with public clamor for war with Spain, McKinley refused to panic, but reluctantly and hesitantly sent Congress a

war message

Some anti-imperialists objected to annexing the Philippines because they

believed it would violate the constitution if the territory could no acquire statehood

The Supreme Court ruled, in what become know as the “insular cases”, that

Congress was not bound to follow the Constitution in legislating for colonies

When Venezuela refused to honor debts to European nations and Britain and Germany imposed a naval blockade of that country the United States

pressured Europeans to arbitrate the dispute

In the “gentlemen’s Agreement” negotiated by Roosevelt in 1907, Japan promised not to

issue passports for laborers seeking work in America

Roosevelt’s response when Panama revolted against Colombia was to order the cruiser Nashville to

Panama to prevent Colombia from subduing the revolution

American statesmen who pursued a foreign policy of imperialism without colonies genuinely, but incorrectly, believed that they were

exporting democracy along with capitalism and industrialization

By the beginning of World War I, most Americans viewed their role in the world as

doing what they wanted in foreign affairs, unlimited by any rational analysis of the probable consequences

After Victoriano Huerta fled from power, President Wilson made a mistake regarding his policy toward Mexico

He supported one of Huerta’s generals, Francisco “Pancho” Villa

it is true that the German government had published warnings in American newspapers which

stated that the Lusitania would be subject to an attack

In February 1917, the United States learned of the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offered Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to the Mexicans in return for

going to war against the United States

When the United States entered the Great War, from a military point of view

the country was poorly prepared

Farm income during the Great War

rose dramatically

The Great War triggered a major movement of

southern blacks to northern cities

When President Wilson left the United States to attend the peace conference in Paris he was the first U.S. president to

leave American territory while in office

Wilson believed that any weaknesses in the Versailles Treaty could be

overcome by the League of Nations

Due in large part to the Lodge Reservations, the U.S. Congress, after great debate

voted down the Treaty of Versailles

The work of radicals in the labor movement led to the belief by many Americans that

unions were associated with communism

The most significant result of the Senate’s failure to ratify the Versailles Treaty

was the loss of the possibility of world peace