Ch 3- Bacterial cell structure

prokaryotes

technically outdated term for an organism that lack a membrane bound nucleus, a cytoskeleton, membrane bound organelles, and internal membranous structures

cocci

name for spherical cells

rods

name for oblong cells

diplococci

cocci that are divided and remain in pairs

streptococci

cocci that are divided on 1 plane to create a chain

staphylococci

cocci that divide in random places creating grape like clusters

tetrads

cocci that are divided in 2 planes forming a square of 4 cocci

sarcina

divided into 3 planes making a cubic packet of 8 cocci

bacilli

special name for rod shaped bacteria

coccobacilli

short and wide bacteria shape

vibrios

comma shaped bacteria

spirilla

rigid spiral shaped bacteria

spirochetes

flexible spiral bacteria

mycelium

network of long filaments (hyphae) in molds and rare bacteria

pleomorphic

organisms that are variable in shape

nucleoid

region in a prokaryotic cell that contains genetic material

pili

short, thin, hairlike projection from a bacteria cell that are made from structural proteins

cell envelope

contains the plasma membrane and all of the surrounding layers external to it

capsule, slime layer

what are the 2 possible additional layers a bacteria could have

red blood cell

what is the largest example of a microbe on the slides?

poliovirus

what is the smallest example of a microbe on the slides

hydrophilic

the plasma membrane is ____ on the surface

hydrophobic

the inside of the plasma membrane is ____

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mainly composed of ____

hopanoids

hydrophobic amphipathic pentacyclic triterpenoids that are essential membrane lipids in eubacteria, have similar function as cholesterol in higher organisms

carbon, potassium, iron, magnesium, calcium

list 5 examples of macronutrients

manganese, zinc, nickel, copper

list 4 examples of micronutrients

amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins

list the 4 major growth factors

fastidieus

term for an organism that requires extra nutrients to survive - require enriched media

chocolate agar

heated blood agar that has lysed blood cells

channels

what type of facilitated diffusion are aquaporins?

uniporters

transport a single molecule across the membrane

symporter, antiporter

what are the 2 types of cotransporters?

symporter

cotransporter that moves 2 substances in the same direction

antiporter

cotransporter that moves 2 substances on opposite directions

siderophores

small high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms; aids in iron transport into cell

peptidoglycan

rigid structure lying outside the plasma membrane that performs the structural function, strengthens the bacterial cell wall, and prevents the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm; structure is 2 alternating sugars with amino acid strands attached

teichoic acid

negatively charged acids that only appear in gram positive cells

gram negative

cell wall that contains porins and side chains of lipopolysaccharides

lipid A, core polysaccharide, O side chains

what are the 3 parts of a lipopolysaccharide?

lipid A

barrier in outer membrane of gram negative cell walls; part of LPS that acts as an endotoxin

endotoxin

toxin that is released when the cell is destroyed, can be more easily broken down by the human body than other types of toxins

hypotonic

the environment is ____ if there is a higher water concentration outside of the cell

hypertonic

the environment is ____ if there is a lower water concentration outside of the cell

lysozyme

small cationic enzyme that breaks bonds between NAG and NAM

penicilin

antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis

polysaccharides

what are capsules made of?

protection and sticky

what are the main 2 virulence factors for capsules mentioned in class?

slime layers

polysaccharides layers that are outside the cell wall, unorganized, and easily washed away, can be a virulence factor for some cells

glycocalyx

polysaccharide extensions outside the cell wall that aid in attachment to solid surfaces

s-layers

geometric pattern made of protein outside the cell wall that aid in protecting from ion and pH fluctuations and aid in inherence to host cells

intracytoplasmic membranes

plasma membrane infolding; observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and bacteria with high respiratory activity

inclusions

AKA microcompartments; formed by aggregation of organic and inorganic substances; primary function is to segregate cellular components so they do not diffuse freely in the cytoplasm

gas vacuoles

involved in bacterial movement; made of aggregates of hollow, cylindrical gas vesicles

ribosomes

complex protein/RNA structures that are the sites of protein synthesis

what is the total size of bacterial or archaeal ribosome?

70s

nucleoid

usually not membrane bound and the location of chromosomes and associated proteins

plasmids

extrachromosomal DNA that is usually small, closed, circular DNA molecules; Carry genes that can confer a selective advantage in some situation like:

• antibiotic resistance

• code for other virulence factors

• replicated and sent via sex pillis to other bacterial cells

sedimentation rate / mass

what does the ribosomal subunit size represent?

pilis

what external structure aids in horizontal gene transfer and somewhat aid in movement?

fimbriae

what external structure has a virulence factor of being sticky?

monotrichous

one flagellum

polar flagellum

flagellum at end of cell

amphitrichous

one flagellum at each end of cell

lophotrichous

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

peritrichous

flagella spread over the entire surface of the cell

filament

internal portion of the flagella that extends from the cell surface to the top

basal body

part of flagella that is embedded in the cell envelope

hook

short curved segment of the flagella

propeller

bacterial flagella move similar to what?

wave

eukaryotic flagella move like a ___

ok

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