WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

color, odor, temperature, solids, turbidity, density, conductivity

enumerate the physical characteristics of ww

0\.10%

% composition of solids in sewage

99\.9%

% composition of water in sewage

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nutrients

enumerate the organic compositions of solids in ww

gray

fresh wastewater color

black

septic/stale color

paper mills, textile mills, food processing, chemical compounds

what are the anthropogenic sources?

yellow

humic acid color

red

iron oxides color

brown

manganese oxides color

Raw wastewater

normally appears cloudy and grey in color and smells musty

Septic wastewater

black in color, results when there is no DO and anaerobic conditions prevail

Odors

caused by gases produced by the decomposition of the organic matter

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

the most characteristic odor of stale ww is _______

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

produced by anaerobic microorganisms that reduce sulfates to sulfides

Fishy

odor quality of Amines

Amines

CH3NH2, (CH3)3 N

Ammoniacal

odor quality of Ammonia

Ammonia

NH3

Diamines

NH2(CH2)5 NH2

Decayed fish

odor quality of Diamines

Hydrogen Sulfide

H2S

Rotten eggs

odor quality of Hydrogen Sulfide

Mercaptans

CH3SH, CH3(CH2)3 SH

Decayed cabbage; skunk

odor quality of Mercaptans

Organic Sulfides

(CH3)2S, (C6H5)2S

Rotten cabbage

odor quality of Organic Sulfides

Skatole

C9H9N, C8H5NHCH3

Fecal matter

odor quality of Skatole

higher

the temperature of wastewater is commonly ______ than water supply

10°C - 21.1°C

Mean annual wastewater temperature

15\.6°C

representative value

Class C Inland Water

should be ambient not to raise 3°C above river

Turbidity

cloudiness or haziness of water

Turbidity

due to suspended material such as clay, silt, or organic and inorganic material

organic and inorganic solids

solids in ww consists of ___ __and__ ____

Colloidal Solids

extremely fine suspended particles that will not settle easily unless they are converted larger settleable solids

ph, alakalinity, hardness, FOG and other organic matter, BOD5, COD, Nutrients, Heavy Metals

chemical characteristics of ww

chemical characteristics

it includes the organic matter, measurement of organic matter, inorganic matter, and gases

pH

negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration

Low; high

___ __or__ _____ pH is undesirable in wastewater

pH meter

pH is measured using

Iodometric

in Philippine National Standards, pH is measured using

titration

alkalinity is measured using

Alkalinity

ability of water to neutralize solids

EDTA Method

titration for measuring for hardness

Hardness

caused by divalent or multivalent cations or positively charged metallic ions principally Ca+2, Mg+2, others include iron, strontium, Manganese, and Barium

Anions

are bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates

mg/L of CaCO3

like alkalinity, it is expressed in terms of ______

Hardness

causes difficulty in producing foams/bubbles

Fats, Oil, and Grease

variety of organic substances incl. hydrocarbons, fats, oil, waxes, nd high-molecular weight fatty acids

animal and vegetable matter

source of FOG

Organic Matter

derived from both the animal and plant kingdoms and the activities of man as related to the synthesis of organic compounds

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Organic Matter are normally composed of _____, _____, _____, and _____ in some cases

Proteins

the principal constituents of the animal organism

Proteins

They are complex in chemical structure and unstable, being subject to many forms of decomposition, when present in large quantities, extremely foul odors are apt to be produced by their decomposition

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Carbohydrates

include sugars, starches, cellulose. and wood fiber

Surfactants

are large organic molecules that are soluble in water and cause foaming in wastewater treatment plants and in the surface waters into w/c the waste effluent is discharged

Phenols

(C6H5)OH

Phenols

cause taste problems in drinking water particularly when the water is chlorinated. They are produced primarily by industrial operations.

Phenols

can be biologically oxidized at concentrations up to 500 mg/L

5-Day BOD (BOD5)

involves the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter

Stoichiometric equation

need in understanding Theoretical Oxygen Demand

Theoretical Oxygen Demand

computes how much oxygen is needed to decompose or oxidize sugar

less than or equal to 2 mg/L

DO level _______, some fish and other aquatic animal species may be distressed and some species may even die due to suffocation

Organic matter; organic loadings

_____ __and__ _____ could lead to organic pollution (ex. fish kill)

Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand (CBOD)

oxygen consumption due to carbon

Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand (NBOD)

oxygen consumption due to nitrogen oxidation

Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

Based on the stoichiometric arrangement of organic matter in wastewater, w/c is generally a combination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Stoichiometry

The amount of O2 required to oxidize substances to CO2 and H₂O and can be calculated by ______ if the chem. composition of the substance is known

Total Oxygen Demand

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organic substances and to minor extent inorganic substances are **converted to stable end products in a Platinum-catalyzed combustion chamber**.

Total Oxygen Demand

is determined by **monitoring the amount of oxygen content present in the nitrogen carrier gas**

Chemical Oxygen Demand

the amount of (dissolved) oxygen required to oxidize and Stabilize organic and inorganic content of the sample solution

Potassium Dichromate

used as a strong oxidizing agent

BOD5/COD

Biodegrability Index

Domestic Wastewaters

0\.4 to 0.8

Fairly Biodegradable

greater than 0.6

0\.3 > BOD5/COD > 0.6

seeding is required to treat it BIOLOGICALLY

BOD5/COD < 0.3

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cannot be treated biologically

BOD

if the Oxidation of an organic compound is carried out by microorganism using the organic matter as food Source

Nitrogen

a constituent of proteins, chlorophyll, and many other biological compounds

Proteins

converted to amino acids and further reduced to ammonia (NH3)

Proteins, Amines, Amino Acids, Urea

sources of nitrogen

Phosphorous

Source: Detergents, Fertilizer Form; Phosphate (PO4^-3)

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

measure of the total organic and ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

gives a measure for building cells of the availability of nitrogen

Colorimetric

measurement of Phosphorous

Phosphorous

important in bacterial propagation

Phosphorous

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promotes eutrophication or algal bloom

Nitrogen and Phosphorous

they **serve as nutrients for algae growth** in receiving waters

Oxygen depletion

excess growth of algae in receiving waters lead to _______ and eventually serious pollution leads to oxygen conditions

Oligotrophic

low nutrient, low productivity, clear, high DO

Eutrophic

rich in nutrients, death in aquatic life, low oxygen levels

Eutrophication

a process w/C **excessive growth of algae occurs** bcs of nutrients growth

Algal bloom

mass of phytoplankton rapidly grown in the water body as a result of eutrophication

Natural Eutrophication and Lake Aging

Occurs over Centuries and results from natural sources of nutrients and sediments

Cultural Eutrophication and Lake Aging

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Occurs over decades and results from human-induced urban runoff Sewage effluent and excess industrial waste, fertilizers pesticides sediments

Non-Toxic Metals

sodium, Iron, Manganese, Aluminum, Copper & Zinc

Toxic Metals

Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead. Mercury, and Silver

500,000 to 5, 000, 000 per mL

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Depending on sewage age and the quantity of dilution of water, bacterial counts in raw sewage may be expected to range from ___ __to__ _____