Chapter 1: A Review of General Chemistry: Electrons, Bonds, and Molecular Properties

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 1.

Organic chemistry is the study of __ molecules and their reactions.

carbon-containing

electrons

A primary focus for why reactions occur is the behavior of the .

Organic compounds are distinguished by containing atoms.

carbon

Vitalism posited a special 'vital ' for organic compounds.

force

In 1828, ammonium cyanate was converted to by Friedrich Wöhler.

urea

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures are constitutional .

isomers

The atoms most commonly bonded to carbon include N, O, H, and halides (F, Cl, Br, I); these are the .

halides

A covalent bond is a of electrons shared between two atoms.

pair

If the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7, the bond is .

ionic

The greater the electronegativity difference, the more the bond becomes.

polar

The electron density concept describes a cloud of around an orbital.

electron density

A chemical bond forms when atomic orbitals .

overlap

The bond formed by head-on overlap of orbitals is a bond.

sigma

The dipole moment is measured in units of .

Debye

Solvents that can donate hydrogen bonds are called solvents.

protic

A carbon atom forming four equal C–H bonds must undergo hybridization.

sp3

An sp2 carbon has three equal-energy sp2 orbitals and one unhybridized orbital.

p

The pi bond is formed by SIDE-BY-SIDE overlap of the orbitals.

p

In ethyne, the unhybridized orbitals form pi bonds.

p

The bond is stronger than the pi bond.

sigma

The steric number translates to the central atom's .

hybridization

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is .

sp3

When the steric number is 2, the geometry is .

linear

The two key MOs in reactions are the HOMO and the MO.

LUMO

For Group A elements, the group number equals the number of valence .

electrons

Hydrogen bonds are an especially strong type of attraction.

dipole-dipole

London dispersion forces help explain why molecules with more mass generally have higher .

boiling points

Soap molecules organize into in water.

micelles