Unit 1 Human Geo

Individuals who gather geographic data with the intent of sharing information with the public.

researchers

Individuals who gather geographic data with the intent of informing people's actions to improve communities.

helpers

Two ways to gather geographic information individually :

self-gather or existing data

Can collect geographic data on a larger scale

organizations

Gathers geographic data about the population in an area

census

A census can be at ____ scale

any

Using _______ can reveal local patterns. First-person research and experiences

fieldwork

Specific position on Earth's surface

absolute location

Horizontal lines (e.g. the equator) on Earth

latitude

Vertical lines (North to South) on Earth

longitude

the zero-degree longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England

prime meridian

A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily and transmit radio signals Earthward; the basis for many map-based apps that provide directions on how to get from one place to another. Absolute locations.

GPS

"Geographically referenced data" with many layers that can be used to find patterns. Relative locations.

GIS

The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it. Generally known as...

remote sensing

Scanning of Earth by high-flying aircraft.

aerial remote sensing

Scanning of Earth by satellites.

satellite remote sensing

The census can affect the actions of...

organizations

Remote sensing data can affect the actions to...

help the planet

The position of one place in reference to the positions of other places. Can be measured in time/distance.

relative location

A broad term for the way of life/identity of society

culture

Areas humans occupy. No value.

space

How humans change space, determined by a collective identity. Locations take on meaning.

place

How humans affected the area. What cultural groups created in the past. Like historical landmarks.

cultural landscape

Actions and conditions in one place spreading around the world, all becoming linked.

globalization

Easier to interact with places around the world. Less time and cost. "The world is shrinking".

time-space compression

Ties between regions and countries that create a global economic system.

interdependence

Homogenization of culture exists because of globalization, but so do increasing economic

disparities

Arrangements of things on Earth.

spatial patterns

The physical and human phenomena that shape our world.

geographic processes

Similarity and relation are based off of distance. More distance equals less interaction. Globalization is changing that.

time-distance decay

pattern of movement of people, ideas, tech, and ways of thinking through space and over time. Can show spatial patterns. Two main types.

diffusion

Multiple similar inventions get created around the same time in different places around the world by different individuals. Like stone tools.

independent invention

When something is invented or innovated uniquely, it can spur a major ______ in the world.

change

Ideas/culture spreads from place to place, so the amount of knowers increases. Snowball down a hill.

expansion diffusion

Ideas travel through higher levels of society/people. Societal influencers. May only reach specific populations before diffusing into society as a whole.

hierarchical diffusion

Ideas spread from low levels of hierarchy to higher levels. For example Walmart from rural Arkansas.

reverse hierarchical diffusion

Wavelike mass rapid spread of ideas. Going viral on the Internet, for instance.

contagious diffusion

Traits are rejected, but the idea is accepted. Adaptations of popular media, for example. Typically a mix of cultural imitation and variation based on existing culture.

stimulus diffusion

The original knowers of an idea/culture migrate, bringing their ideas with them. For example, ethnic foods.

relocation diffusion

Rock into a pond : diffusion dies off as it physically moves away from its source. Time-space compression has helped keep it going, though.

friction of distance

The ideas that distance between places has decreased because of improved technology.

time-space convergence

When two places are connected, ___________ plays a role.

distance

Field of biology about relationships between living things and their environment.

ecology

Like ecology, except the relationships between humans and nature, since both can affect each other.

cultural ecology

The defined space where humans and nature interact. Affected by larger political, social, and economic events.

ecosystem

How people think about nature. May be accurate or inaccurate.

environmental perception

A danger present in the environment. Seem to be out of our control but humans can contribute in making them worse, or not handling the situation properly.

natural hazards

A big tidal wave

tsunami

Substances found in nature that can be used for economic gain.

natural resources

natural resources that cannot be replenished, like coal.

nonrenewable resources

Natural resources that replenish over time.

renewable resources

Fossil fuels, like coal, are ____________ but a source of cheap energy.

pollutants

Examples of renewable resources are wind power, solar power, and ______________. Hint : it comes from water.

hydropower

Nuclear energy is very efficient but not ________________. Also very dangerous.

renewable

The acronym DAM. Humans __________________________________ the environment

depend on, adapt to, and modify

Compounds released from burning fossil fuels that trap heat in the atmosphere.

greenhouse gases

When gases trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to rising surface temperatures, it is known as the...

greenhouse effect

Being able to meet current needs while still providing for future generations. Renewable resources help!

sustainability

The physical environment is the only factor in how humans develop. Theory of environmental superiority that was dominant during the late 1800s- early 1900s. Primarily Eurocentric.

determinism

The environment is not the only factor in human development, but offers opportunities and limitations. Human choices and culture affect society and the environment, too. "Two-way street". Currently approved theory.

possibilism

Geographic extent of the area(s) under investigation. AKA scale of analysis.

geographic scale

Scale of analysis is different from _____ scale, which determines how the data is presented but not the scale of the data itself. Usually described as "large" or "small".

map

A map of a country with individual city data represented has a ________ map scale.

small

A map of a country with individual city data has a _______ scale of analysis.

local

If a problem is in a national scale of analysis, what scale of analysis should the answer be in?

national

Scale of analysis of geographic phenomena across the world. Because of globalization, everything is connected. An example is of a map of pollution spreading worldwide.

global scale

Scale of analysis of geographic phenomena in a specific region, like North America. Can be used to compare regions' data.

regional scale

Scale of analysis of data for a single country. Can be used to break down regional patterns to a smaller level.

national

Scale of analysis for data within a state, province, city, or neighborhood. Shows more detail.

local

If there are multiple scales used in a problem, the scale of analysis is the ______________ scale used.

smallest

A change in scale changes _____________________.

perspective

Based on scale, different __________________________ can be made.

conclusions

Perspective that global phenomena and local phenomena interact with each other both ways. Two-way relationship. Globalization must factor in local conditions. Terrible name.

glocal perspective

Global problems start with _____________ solutions.

local

________ scales of analysis are important to think about when considering geographic patterns.

all

A geographical unit based on one or more unifying features, functions, or patterns of activity taking place.

region

(AKA uniform or homogeneous region) An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

formal region

(aka nodal region) an area organized around a node or focal point. A place of common activity that can function as a single independent unit.

functional region

site is ___________________ location. Described by its physical characteristics.

absolute

situation is ___________________ location. The importance of a place and in relation to other places.

relative

a region based on shared perspectives and feelings about that area. For example, the American South. Origins of a region start from a public resource and "stick". Existence is generally accepted by everybody, but borders are unclear.

vernacular region

How people think of a region and perceive it. Includes facts and personal opinions. Allows creators to learn more about how they relate to a place.

mental map

How a person feels about a place and what makes it important for them.

sense of place

What a person does often in a certain place, and where it is.

activity space

Changing geographic _________ will change the mental map.

scale

The awareness of belonging to a group of people within a region. For example, Asian Americans. Personal identity might not match with outside perceptions.

regional identity

When boundaries are the subject of dispute. May be political, economic, social, or religious dispute. For example, Sudan and South Sudan conflict.

contested boundaries

Process examines the patterns and phenomena in and between regions at multiple geographic scales. NOT to be confused with regional scale of analysis.

regional analysis

Type of map that has boundaries, names, and features. Like a subway transport system.

reference map

Type of map that represents data quantitatively with a specific type of data. For example, climate or elevation. Can find patterns.

thematic map

Type of thematic map that has shapes/circles of different sizes to represent data values.

graduated cylinder map

Type of thematic map with data collected for a specific area with shades of color to represent numerical intervals.

choropleth map

Type of thematic map where each dot shows a data point or numerical value to show density.

dot map

Type of thematic map that distorts shapes of areas to reflect numerical data.

cartogram map

Type of thematic map that connects data points of the same value. For example, elevation or temperature maps.

isoline map

Type of thematic map that shows the movement of objects/people. The larger the line/arrow, the more amount of movement.

flow line map

The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.

projection

This world map used to be very popular in the past. It was great for nautical navigation. Consistent directions and shapes, but the sizes of places, especially near the poles, was very distorted. Hint : Greenland was the size of Africa.

Mercator projection

This world map is the most popular currently. It accurately reflects direction and size pretty well, but the shapes of areas are distorted.

Robinson projection

The smaller the map scale, the _________________ the area. An example is 1:5,000,000.

larger